省地台结合制作干旱回归预报的探讨

以甘肃东部、西峰汛期干旱为预报、解释对象，提出了省地台结合制作干旱回归预报的方法，并对其预报效果进行了对比分析。结果表明，可提高预报质量１０％—１６％     

中国区域秋季旱涝特征预测

利用国家气候中心综合气象干旱指数(CI),以干旱日数为预报对象,以前期500 hPa高度场为预报因子,结合最优子集回归(OSR)方法建立回归预报模型,对1971-2007年期间中国区域秋季干旱形势进行交叉检验预报。针对秋季华西秋雨与华南干旱特征,分别建立以华西洪涝站数与华南干旱站数为预报对象的预报模型,研究OSR方法的预报技巧。研究表明:OSR预报方法对秋季中国区域的干旱日数具有较高的预报技巧,距平相关系数(ACC)在全国大部地区均通过α=0.05的显著性水平检验,中国东部地区整体预报水平高于西部地区,ACC在中国区域平均达到0.45。对于秋季华西洪涝站数与华南干旱站数,OSR方法也体现出较好的预报能力,ACC分别达到0.71和0.55。此外,对华南区域干旱站数的独立预报检验表明,模型能较好地预报出2003-2007年秋季华南地区偏旱的趋势,但对干旱范围的预报有所低估。     

延伸期干旱、沙尘暴过程低频方法预报系统简介

对延伸期干旱、沙尘暴过程低频预报系统的整体框架、子模块构成和功能、预报方法、操作步骤及应用情况进行详细介绍。该系统主要有干旱、沙尘暴过程低频方法预报2个子系统,各子系统包括低频天气图、关键区低频曲线2种预报方法。目前中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所已使用该系统对西北地区东部的干旱过程和沙尘暴过程进行预报,就沙尘暴预报效果来说,2012年预报准确率达到75％,2011年和2013年的预报准确率均达到67％,预报时效达到8～31 d。而对干旱过程的预报效果,2012年预报准确率达80％,2011、2013年分别达75％、67％,预报时效达6～30 d。     

内蒙古干旱持续期预报技术研究

通过对近30年的资料进行干旱特征定量分析．发现内蒙古中、西部地区春季气温高、空气干燥、风矢量大，干平流是造成旱灾的主要原因。基于这一结论，总结出内蒙古地区的几个产生干旱灾害的定量化指数：风干指数、干燥指数、沉降指数、降水指数等。应用这些指数建立了干旱持续的定量化预报方程。并建立了基于T213数值预报产品的业务预报系统，制作干旱持续期的趋势预报。     

叶尔羌河流域农业干旱分析

用农田水份平衡方程及干旱指标对叶尔羌河流域农业干旱特征进行分析，指出春旱是制约农业发展的重要因素，从１００百帕月平均高度及厄尔尼诺角度，探讨农业干旱的预报问题，得出了一些可以直接应用于农业旱情预报的指标。     

陕西省短期气候预测业务系统

系统是有一定物理依据的不同时间尺度的干旱灾害气候预报方法及集成预报方法。选用优良的超长期气候预测方法和国内短期气候预测方法，经过集成制作而成。通过对气象资料序列进行处理、分析，筛选较准确的计算方法，并对计算结果分析，制作短期气候趋势预报。     

桂林秋旱成因及其短期气候预测的研究

根据桂林13个站点1957—1999年共43a的资料，结合农业部门历年来掌握的旱情以及我们多年的预报经验，定义出全地区性各级干旱标准，分析出干旱前期环流特征，找出其演变规律和指标，建立短期气候预测的预报模式指标，为桂林秋旱的预报提供主要依据。     

阿盟汛期干旱时段分析——及长期预报业务系统化雏形

阿盟汛期干旱时段分析──及长期预报业务系统化雏形刘永刚（阿盟气象台）汛期降水预报是我盟生产指挥部门对汛期农牧业生产决策的重要依据，历来是我盟长期预报的关键。我盟属于干旱荒漠气候，十年九旱。汛期时段适时的降水，对缓解旱情有明显的作用。因此，如果能分析出...     

低频天气图方法在4-9月辽宁干旱月预报中的应用

利用2008-2013年500h Pa NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析风场和位势高度场资料及辽宁省54站逐日降水资料,采用低频天气图方法,对辽宁干旱有影响的9个低频预报关键区,分析各个关键区低频系统的特征及其与干旱过程的分析,找出它们之间有联系,建立干旱过程低频预报概念模型,并对2013年干旱过程进行了回报,预报效果较好。     

美国国家级干旱监测业务产品介绍

美国需要改进干旱监测与评估方法。干旱是代价昂贵的自然灾害(联邦应急管理局(FEMA),1995;W ilhite,2000),但经常被评估和预报产品的开发者忽略。相比于其他灾害,干旱表现得更模糊并且不适合用传统的评估或预报方法,它相对缓慢的发生以及其影响的复杂性,需要有一套新的方法来对它进行评估。干旱监测和预报技术的提高会使我们为应对干旱灾害做更好的准备工作,进行更好的应对实践,从而减少社会对干旱及其影响的脆弱性。为追踪和展示全美国干旱的程度、空间范围以及其影响,开发了新的干旱监测工具,研发了每周发布的国家级干旱监测业务产品(th…     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on