山东半岛一次强暴雨的分析和数值模拟

利用T213资料、常规观测资料和多普勒雷达资料,对2004年8月5日发生在山东半岛东部的一次大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟和分析,在模拟结果比较成功的基础上,利用细网格模拟资料重点分析了高、低空急流和850 hPa低压与暴雨的关系,以及山东半岛地形的动力作用。结果表明:暴雨强回波从南向北传播时强度逐渐增强,反映了中尺度对流系统的结构和发展;对流云团首先在低空急流中心左前方生成,与副热带高压边缘的西南暖湿气流有关,中尺度高空急流是伴随对流由强高空出流而形成,高、低空急流的耦合作用有利于强对流天气的维持和发展;在副热带高压西侧边界层激发出一个中β尺度低压,该低压形成后与暴雨区相伴移动,且移动路径与山东半岛东部地形分布有关,山东半岛地形对西南暖湿气流阻挡和绕流的动力作用是导致威海附近强暴雨的原因之一。     

河北暴雨的多普勒天气雷达径向速度特征

利用2004—2011年29次暴雨过程的多普勒天气雷达资料和常规天气资料,分类总结了河北中南部暴雨的主要雷达径向速度特征。发现形成河北中南部暴雨的主要雷达径向速度特征有5类:β中尺度辐合线、β中尺度辐合、γ中尺度辐合、高空急流和深厚持久的低空急流。深厚持久的低空急流是大范围暴雨的主要速度特征之一。高空急流是大范围暴雨和区域暴雨共有的速度特征。β中尺度辐合线、β中尺度辐合、γ中尺度辐合是大范围暴雨、区域暴雨和局地暴雨共有的速度特征和主要的中小尺度影响系统。列车效应是造成局地暴雨、大暴雨的关键原因。     

利用非常规观测资料对上海特大暴雨过程的模拟研究

2001年8月5～6日,上海市区出现了建国以来破记录的一次特大暴雨.天气形势分析表明,停滞在上海的热带低压和主体位于海上的西太平洋副热带高压为此次特大暴雨的发生提供了有利的环流背景,而低压内部特有的动力、热力结构及在其内发生发展的一系列中尺度对流云团与此次暴雨的发生有直接的关系.作者利用非静力中尺度数值模式MM5V3对此次暴雨过程进行了数值模拟研究,结果表明:在非静力中尺度模式全物理过程的模拟中,采用牛顿张弛逼近法的四维资料同化方案来同化分析场和云顶亮温及上海地面气象自动站等非常规观测资料,模拟结果不仅基本上再现出大尺度及天气尺度系统的发展演变过程,而且还较好地模拟出了此次城市强暴雨过程的雨量空间分布及时序变化.因此,将较高时空密度的非常规观测资料用于高分辨率MM5中尺度数值模式,对于有效地预报城市灾害性暴雨是必要和有意义的.研究还揭示:与热带低压相伴随的偏南暖湿气流不仅是此次暴雨过程的强水汽及热量输送带,而且也是热带低压和其内中尺度对流系统维持发展的必要条件;造成暴雨的中尺度对流系统垂直向上是一具有相对暖心、高湿且低空湿对流不稳定结构的气旋性涡旋,其内强上升运动与涡柱内低空辐合、高空强辐散密切联系.     

一次非典型梅雨锋暴雨过程及其中尺度系统的数值模拟

利用常规观测资料\, 卫星观测的高时空分辨率TBB资料以及客观分析资料, 对2002年6月22~23日(“02.6”)一次非典型的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了天气分析。在此基础上, 利用中尺度数值模式MM5对此次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟, 并分析了暴雨中尺度系统的结构特征。结果表明： （1）天气分析显示, “02.6”梅雨锋暴雨过程与α中尺度低涡的东移发展和对流层低层的两支低空急流的增强发展有关。对流层低层700 hPa为一个缓慢东移与南压的东北西南向冷式切变线, 暖式切变线不太明显, 这与通常的江淮切变线梅雨锋暴雨不同。对流层500 hPa的副热带高压非常强, 高层200 hPa对流层高层的反气旋环流非常强并与高空急流相伴, 南亚高压中心位于我国江南地区。（2）TBB资料分析表明, 此次暴雨过程产生与多个β中尺度系统合并发展成α中尺度系统以及此后从α中尺度系统中不断分裂出β中尺度系统发展演变密切相关; 强中尺度对流系统主要在中尺度低涡冷、 暖切变线的的南侧发生和发展, 并不是在中尺度低涡的冷暖切变线上发展。（3）垂直结构分析显示： 在中尺度系统开始发展阶段, 中尺度系统具有强的垂直于剖面的风分量切变、 低空急流核以及高空强辐散低空强辐合, 这有利于中尺度系统的发展; 当中尺度低涡发展到相对成熟的阶段, 其后部不断分裂出中小尺度系统, 对流层低层的θe具有明显暖心结构, 由于气块绝热上升冷却效应比对流潜热释放作用强, 导致在800~600 hPa层上 θe比环境的低, 加之在强上升运动的顶部两侧的下沉补偿气流也比较弱, 这不利于中尺度低涡的维持。     

新乡一次强对流天气过程的诊断分析

利用常规气象资料、多普勒雷达资料及NCEP再分析资料,对2009年9月5日发生在新乡西北部山区的局地强对流暴雨过程进行了物理量演变和中尺度分析.结果表明:高空不稳定小槽、中低空切交线和西南急流以及地面弱冷空气的南下扩散是此次强对流过程主要影响系统.高空低槽和中低空切变线为其提供了有利的辐合上升环境场,低空西南急流为其提...     

青藏高原东侧一次β中尺度对流系统的数值模拟

利用PSU／NCAR的高分辨率中尺度非静力数值模式MM5，模拟了2001年9月18日发生在青藏高原东侧的绵阳大暴雨过程。结果表明，高分辨率数值模式对触发本次降水过程的β中尺度对流系统具有较好的模拟能力。高分辨率模拟输出显示“9．18”绵阳大暴雨与边界层内一个中尺度辐合扰动的发展和移动相伴，且中尺度辐合扰动还诱发了一个时间尺度约为6h的β中尺度涡旋和强烈发展的降水雨团。模拟还显示受高原地形影响，该β中尺度对流系统具有独特的动力和热力结构。其动力特征是强上升运动和超强散度柱与对流层低层强涡度互耦发展，热力特征是对流层低层具有对流不稳定能量，中层具有斜压不稳定能量。中尺度对流系统具有两支上升人流和两支下沉出流，低层人流(东南气流)触发低层对流不稳定能量释放，中层人流(高原近地层偏西暖湿气流)触发中层大气斜压不稳定能量释放，两种不稳定能量共同作用促使对流雨团强烈发展，形成绵阳大暴雨。     

一次暴雨过程中两个降水阶段的差异分析

利用NCEP格点再分析资料和WRF模式输出的高分辨率资料、自动站降水资料、雷达资料对2010年8月14 16日发生在重庆的一次大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟和诊断分析。结果表明:此次暴雨过程分为两个阶段,降水系统主要有两个:第一阶段的主要降水系统是低空切变线;第二阶段的主要降水系统是低空切变线和850 h Pa西南低涡,并且第二个阶段内的降水量较大、持续时间也较长。风垂直廓线的时间演变表明,暴雨发生、发展过程中,中低层强西南风风速的下传和低层切变辐合的存在对中尺度对流系统的增强有着重要的作用;数值模拟分析显示,第一阶段,弱的冷平流影响暴雨区,在低空切变线的作用下,引起气团在水平方向辐合,触发中尺度对流系统的发生、发展;第二阶段,中高层强的冷空气倾入降水区,850 h Pa低涡生成后东移至重庆东北地区,其低涡附近的垂直上升运动与700 h Pa切变线附近的上升运动相耦合,强迫抬升中低层暖湿空气并再次触发降水区域的中尺度对流系统。     

中β尺度系统造成的大暴雨过程数值模拟与诊断分析

利用T106资料和MM5V3．5中尺度非静力模式对2002年6月8—9日发生在陕西和四川东北部的一次突发大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟与诊断分析。模拟结果表明：在有利的大尺度环流形势下，中α尺度切变激发的中β尺度系统是本次暴雨的直接引导系统。进一步诊断分析揭示了中β尺度系统的动力场和热力场之间具有一种强耦舍机制：中β尺度系统是在低空急流带上发展起来的，垂直上升运动与近饱和湿空气柱及涡散柱互耦，低空对流不稳定层结的发展触发了强烈的垂直上升运动。模拟结果表明模式能很好地模拟中尺度对流系统的整个发展过程和降水雨带，细网格模拟的降水量与实况比较接近，分析结果可为中尺度暴雨预报提供参考依据．     

北京“7.10”暴雨β-中尺度对流系统分析

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、自动站加密观测资料、逐时云顶亮温TBB资料、多普勒雷达资料以及成功模拟基础上的高分辨率模式输出资料，对2004年7月10日北京突发性暴雨过程β-中尺度对流系统的发生发展、结构与成因进行了综合分析。结果表明:此次过程影响系统为β-中尺度对流系统，它发生在大尺度暖脊之中，对流层中层的短波槽以及低层西风槽前西南气流与暖切变线北侧东南气流的汇合为其发生提供了良好的环境条件；该β-中尺度对流系统由两个对流云团合并而成，具有椭圆形结构特征，其水平尺度为150 km×100 km，时间尺度约为5 h；低层流场上它表现为中尺度辐合线或强辐合中心，雷达回波和径向速度场所反映的中尺度回波带和辐合线与它的演变有密切关系；在发展强盛期，β-中尺度对流系统具有较强的斜压性特征，垂直倾斜的上升气流及其两侧有明显的下沉补偿气流，显示它具有对流型风暴结构特征；在强对流不稳定层结条件下，700 hPa以下对流层低层具有明显的假相当位温θ_se暖湿舌，近地面层偏南风与偏东风两支气流的辐合及冷空气的侵入，导致行星边界层内能量锋区的加强，从而有利于β-中尺度对流系统发生发展。     

2017年苏南一次特大暴雨高分辨率模拟及特征分析

利用高分辨率（水平3 km）数值模式，结合FNL分析及预报场资料、地面加密自动站观测资料和多普勒雷达资料，对2017年6月9—10日苏南一次因江淮气旋沿切变线东移造成的特大暴雨过程进行研究。首先对模式模拟结果做了降水、风场等多方面的验证，随后利用模拟结果和观测资料对该特大暴雨过程的对流系统结构及其发展维持机制进行分析。结果表明：（1） 高分辨率模式能较客观地反映该暴雨过程诸多大气参数的演变。（2） 特大暴雨过程中锋面气旋东移且倾斜发展，深对流中心维持在气旋的东南方向，该中尺度对流系统的发生发展与锋面气旋的上述演变密切相关。（3） 特大暴雨过程中相应的对流处于旺盛阶段时，大气不稳定能量持续释放，中层为相对较高的假相当位温区，即明显的暖心结构，垂直上升运动最强，且其南北两侧均有下沉气流，形成中尺度次级环流，维持强对流不断发展。（4） 超低空急流的持续增强，沿低层切变线上不断有γ中尺度涡旋生成和足够的低层辐合区厚度是导致这次特大暴雨过程的关键因素。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on