1976年大气环流突变前后中国四季降水量异常和温度的年代际变化及其影响因子

利用NCEP/NCAR全球2.5°×2.5°月平均再分析资料和中国国家气候中心(NMC)提供的743站降水和温度资料分析了1976年大气环流突变前后中国四季降水量异常和温度的年代际对比特征,发现1976年后,春季中国华南降水偏多、温度偏低,长江流域西部降水偏少、温度偏低。夏季降水主要呈现华南少、长江流域多、华北少和东北多的"-、+、-、+"的分布形势,温度表现为华南增暖、长江淮河流域冷却和北方增暖的分布特征。秋季中国大部分地区降水量异常是减少的、温度是上升的。冬季华南地区降水量异常虽有增加但不显著,整个中国区域几乎呈增暖趋势。中国平均温度的年代际变化在春季和夏季的降温主要受最高温度变化影响、升温主要受最低温度影响;秋季的整体增暖受最低温度影响更大,而冬季的整体增暖受最高温度影响更大。造成以上变化的原因与1976年大气环流突变前后,四季哈德来环流上升支和下沉支的南北推移、西风急流的增强和位置的南北移动、大气层结的干湿状况以及水汽输送的来源密切相关。     

塔里木盆地气候变化的季节差异

利用塔里木盆地周边21个气象站1961-2000年月平均气温和降水量资料,对年和四季的基本气候特征、冷暖干湿阶段、年代际变化、异常冷暖、气候突变和变化趋势等进行了分析。结果表明：40 a来该区域气候变化存在明显的季节差异,年平均及冬季平均气温、年及夏季降水呈现显著的增加趋势;冬季气温于1978年发生了由冷到暖的气候突变;年与四季存在不同的冷暖、干湿气候阶段和异常年份。     

澜沧江-湄公河流域径流与气候因子变化的季节差异特征研究

根据DELWARE温度和降水数据、GLDAS蒸散发数据和湄公河干流9个水文站的实测径流,采用回归分析、均值T检验和低通滤波,分析了该流域气候和径流在1950-2017年间的变化情况,经分析表明流域内气候和径流在研究时段内有较大变化,而且在不同的月份呈现不同的变化特征。流域年平均温度整体呈增加趋势,2008年后的平均温度相对2008年前平均温度有显著增加;流域年平均降水的变化幅度不大;流域平均蒸散发在12月-次年2月呈下降趋势,其他月份呈增加趋势,2008-2017年月平均蒸散发与1950-2007年月平均蒸散发相比大幅提升,尤其是在6-10月;湄公河流域年径流没有显著变化,但径流在12月-次年4月呈上升趋势,7-10月呈下降趋势,其中,上升趋势比下降趋势显著,1-4月径流上升趋势在2008年之后更为显著;最小径流在2008年后有显著增加趋势,最大径流在2008年后呈下降趋势;年流量逆转次数自20世纪90年代起有明显升高趋势。通过比较温度、降水、蒸散发和径流在不同时间段的变化情况,可以看出径流在2008年后变化趋势和气候自然变化关系不显著,但可能跟大坝蓄水能力显著提高等人为活动有较大关系。     

全球变暖背景下对流性降水变化特征及影响 因子分析

根据NCEP/NCAR逐日、逐月温度资料和相对湿度资料,及长江中下游60个气象站逐日降水资料,采用趋势分析、突变检验等方法,研究了近60年来全球和北半球地表温度变化趋势,分析了温度增加前后,夏季(6～8月)对流性降水的变化特征及其部分影响因子.结果表明:近60年来,北半球年平均及夏季平均地面温度为增暖趋势,1998年为增暖突变年份;变暖后,长江中下游地区夏季对流性降水事件的发生频率呈增多趋势且强度增强;全球增暖后,对流层中、高层水汽含量呈下降趋势,对流层低层水汽含量呈上升趋势;热含量除个别月份外,在700、850、1000 hPa均有明显增长;大气中不稳定性也显著增强.这些与对流性降水事件发生频率的增加和强度的增强有很好的对应关系,说明全球变暖导致的大气中水汽含量变化、湿空气热含量增加和不稳定性增强对对流性降水事件可能有重要影响.     

印江县汛期降水年代际特征及与气温的关系

利用印江县气象观测站1970～2018年汛期（5～9月）日降水量,日平均、最高和最低气温资料,采用线性倾向估计、滑动平均法、 Mann一Kendall趋势法、 Morlet小波分析等方法对印江县汛期降水年代际特征进行了研究,并采用相关分析、t 检验等方法研究汛期降水与气温的关系。结果表明：(1)印江县近49a汛期总降水量有不显著的增加趋势,呈现 “增加-减少”的交替年代变化特征。年代尺度演变上,20～35a,10～19a,7～9a以及2～4a的4类周期变化尺度共同起作用,其中27a为第一主周期,9a为第二主周期。（2）印江县近49a 6月、7月和8月对汛期总降水贡献最大,变化趋势和总降水量基本一致;小、中和大雨的年总降水量呈减少,其中中雨减少微弱;暴雨及以上有增加趋势。小和中雨所占百分比呈下降趋势,占百分比最多的大雨也呈下降趋势,但比较微弱,暴雨及以上有上升的趋势。（3）印江县近49a汛期总降水量与汛期最高温度、平均温度呈显著的负相关,月份上与8月最为密切, 7月次之,与其他月的温度相关性不大。不同量级降水量占总降水量的百分比,随日平均、最高气温的升高都呈先上升后下降的趋势,各量级降水的百分比的峰值都有各自的温度区间。     

牡丹江市近51a气候变化特征

利用牡丹江气象站1967-2017年逐日气温、降水资料,通过线性趋势法、累积距平分析、Mann-Kendall检验、滑动T检验及Morlet小波分析方法 ,对牡丹江气候变化特征、突变以及周期特征进行分析,结果表明:近51 a来,牡丹江气温有增暖趋势,年平均增温率为0.356℃/10a;年平均降水量有增加趋势,气候倾向率为18.8 mm/10a;年平均气温和降水量存在多尺度周期变化,年平均气温为短期内上升,长期内下降趋势;年平均降水短期内偏多,长期内为逐渐减少的趋势。     

巴州农区气候变化及其对农业生产的影响

分析了1960—2001年巴州农区年、季平均温度、降水的变化，结果表明：各地气候变化并不一致，大部分地区有温度升高、降水偏多的趋势。冬季的升温幅度明显大于其它季节，年平均温度的上升主要由冬季升温所致。     

车尔臣河流域1955-2010年气候变化特征分析

摘 要：利用车尔臣河流域1955-2010年气温、降水、云量、浮尘、沙尘暴和大风等气象资料,分析了近56a来流域气候变化特征。结果表明:(1)车尔臣河流域年、季平均气温均呈明显上升趋势,以冬季增暖最显著;且在1990年前后出现了冷暖突变,2001-2010年是近56a来最暖的时期。(2)年、季降水量呈小幅增加趋势,春季降水增加趋势达显著水平;降水在1962年出现干湿突变,而1980s后降水增加则趋于平稳。(3)年、季平均总云量呈增加趋势,其中夏季云量的增加最明显。(4)年浮尘、沙尘暴和大风日数呈显著减少趋势,但值得注意的是2005年以后沙尘日数不降反升。总体上看,近56a车尔臣河流域气候朝暖湿方向发展,生态环境明显改善。     

近代中国北方干湿变化趋势的多时段特征

利用CRU(Climate Research Unit)月降水和月平均气温资料, 通过构造一个既包含降水变化又考虑温度变化对潜在蒸发影响的干湿指标, 对我国北方近100年(1901～1998年)、 50年(1951～2002年)、 20年(1981～2002年)和近10年(1991～2002年)干湿变化趋势进行了系统的检测和分析, 突出了在全球增暖背景下温度变化对干湿变化的重要影响, 揭示了中国北方四个不同时段干湿变化趋势的基本特征.结果表明: 由于受温度升高的影响, 近100年我国西部地区降水尽管增加但并不存在变湿趋势, 而东部地区降水显著增加的地区明显呈现出变湿趋势, 显著变湿的范围较降水增加的范围大, 且强度明显增强, 这与这个地区温度的降低有关.在近50年, 100°E以东的北方地区是明显的干旱化趋势; 西北西部显著变湿的范围较降水显著增加的范围为小, 而东部干旱化区域的范围较降水显著减少的区域大.这充分说明了增暖能够减弱降水增加对地表水分收支的贡献, 也就是加剧降水减少的干旱化程度.在近20年, 新疆北部尽管降水量有所增加, 但并未改变该地区干旱化的时空格局, 也未发现显著的变湿趋势存在, 这个时段北方大部分地区仍然以干旱化趋势为主.特别值得注意的是, 在有些地区干湿指标的变化趋势与降水的变化趋势完全相反.在20年和近100年时段上, 我国西部大部分地区仍处在一个干旱化的进程中, 而华北地区在20年和50年时段上均表现为一个干旱化的趋势.     

逊克县近50a温度变化特征分析

本文利用统计分析方法对逊克县1961～2005年共45 a的气候资料进行了分析,探讨出了逊克近45 a的温度要素的变化规律,得到以下主要的结果:逊克县自1961～2005年,45 a平均气温以0.387℃/10 a的趋势变暖,年平均最高温度和年平均最低气温也呈增暖的趋势。一年四季中,夏季平均气温和平均最高气温、平均最低气温升高趋势幅度略低于其他季节,春季、秋季和冬季的年平均气温、平均最高气温和平均最低气温都呈上升趋势,其中冬季的变暖最为突出,平均温度以0.608℃/10 a的变化率升高。     

How to attribute market leakage to CDM projects

Abstract

Economic studies suggest that market leakage rates of greenhouse gas abatement can reach the two-digit percentage range. Although the Marrakesh Accords require Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects to account for leakage, most projects neglect market leakage. Insufficient leakage accounting is facilitated by a lack of applicable methods regarding the quantification and attribution of project-related leakage effects. This article proposes a method for attributing CDM-related market leakage effects to individual projects. To this purpose, alternative attribution methods are analysed. We find that project-specific approaches fail to take account of market leakage effects. Consequently, we propose to estimate aggregate market leakage effects and attribute them proportionally to individual projects. We suggest that predetermined commodity-specific leakage factors are applied by project developers to any emission reductions that are associated with a project's leakage-relevant demand or supply changes. This approach is conservative, equitable, incentive-compatible and applicable at manageable costs.     

Strategies to adapt to an uncertain climate change

Many decisions concerning long-lived investments already need to take into account climate change. But doing so is not easy for at least two reasons. First, due to the rate of climate change, new infrastructure will have to be able to cope with a large range of changing climate conditions, which will make design more difficult and construction more expensive. Second, uncertainty in future climate makes it impossible to directly use the output of a single climate model as an input for infrastructure design, and there are good reasons to think that the needed climate information will not be available soon. Instead of optimizing based on the climate conditions projected by models, therefore, future infrastructure should be made more robust to possible changes in climate conditions. This aim implies that users of climate information must also change their practices and decision-making frameworks, for instance by adapting the uncertainty-management methods they currently apply to exchange rates or R&D outcomes. Five methods are examined: (i) selecting “no-regret” strategies that yield benefits even in absence of climate change; (ii) favouring reversible and flexible options; (iii) buying “safety margins” in new investments; (iv) promoting soft adaptation strategies, including long-term prospective; and (v) reducing decision time horizons. Moreover, it is essential to consider both negative and positive side-effects and externalities of adaptation measures. Adaptation–mitigation interactions also call for integrated design and assessment of adaptation and mitigation policies, which are often developed by distinct communities.     

荔波菊苣引种试验

菊苣为多年生草本植物,主要用作畜牧饲料,有较高的经济价值,对发展畜牧业有重要意义,通过菊苣引种试验成功分析,提出菊苣适合在荔波县推广种植。     

An approach to adaptation to climate changes in Poland

Adopted by COP 10 (Dec 1/CP.10) and approved by the MOP1, the Buenos Aires programme of adaptation and response measures opens doors to intensify preparations for expected climate change. By this decision the COP, requested the SBSTA to develop a structured 5-year programme of work of the SBSTA on the scientific, technical and socio-economic aspects of impacts of, and vulnerability and adaptation to, climate change. Consequently, the COP, by its decision 2/CP.11, adopted the “Five-year programme of work of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change” Finally during COP12 this programme was approved as “Nairobi Work Programme on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change”. This programme has fundamental significance not only for developing countries, but also for industrialized nations in which some sectors of the or social life are particularly vulnerable to climate change, specifically, inter alia EIT countries and new EU Member States. Further development of this adaptation programme economy should contain steps that provide optimum economic and social effectiveness, risk management, identification of vulnerable sectors and gaps in knowledge, preparation of a list of policy options, including an analysis of cost effectiveness, selection of the most effective policies, and a preparedness implementation plan. In Poland the preliminary adaptation programme covered agriculture, water management, and coastal zone management. For the time being, gaps in knowledge and preparedness measures have been identified. An estimation of possible impact on these areas was based on chosen GCMs, and sea level rise IPCC scenarios. In conclusion, it was stated that the results achieved should be seen as a first step forward and a more comprehensive study is necessary to update the results and cover other sectors of the economy, such as health protection, spatial planning, ecosystems and forestry, and to develop specific guidelines and recommendations for policy-makers.     

Framing the way to relate climate extremes to climate change

The atmospheric and ocean environment has changed from human activities in ways that affect storms and extreme climate events. The main way climate change is perceived is through changes in extremes because those are outside the bounds of previous weather. The average anthropogenic climate change effect is not negligible, but nor is it large, although a small shift in the mean can lead to very large percentage changes in extremes. Anthropogenic global warming inherently has decadal time scales and can be readily masked by natural variability on short time scales. To the extent that interactions are linear, even places that feature below normal temperatures are still warmer than they otherwise would be. It is when natural variability and climate change develop in the same direction that records get broken. For instance, the rapid transition from El Ni?o prior to May 2010 to La Ni?a by July 2010 along with global warming contributed to the record high sea surface temperatures in the tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans and in close proximity to places where record flooding subsequently occurred. A commentary is provided on recent climate extremes. The answer to the oft-asked question of whether an event is caused by climate change is that it is the wrong question. All weather events are affected by climate change because the environment in which they occur is warmer and moister than it used to be.     

如何将DOMINO邮件数据库移动到另外一个分区

随着用户的增多,MOMINO邮件服务器上的硬盘空间越来越少,如果不增加硬盘空间,将会严重影响到系统的运行,甚至死机。一个解决方案是:为服务器新增一个大硬盘,将数据库文件移到新硬盘上。如何以最小的代价、最快的速度、尽量不影响用户的正常使用来完成此项工作呢?通过查询相关资     

Learning to Adapt: Organisational Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts

Analysis of human adaptation to climate change should be based on realistic models of adaptive behaviour at the level of organisations and individuals. The paper sets out a framework for analysing adaptation to the direct and indirect impacts of climate change in business organisations with new evidence presented from empirical research into adaptation in nine case-study companies. It argues that adaptation to climate change has many similarities with processes of organisational learning. The paper suggests that business organisations face a number of obstacles in learning how to adapt to climate change impacts, especially in relation to the weakness and ambiguity of signals about climate change and the uncertainty about benefits flowing from adaptation measures. Organisations rarely adapt ‘autonomously’, since their adaptive behaviour is influenced by policy and market conditions, and draws on resources external to the organisation. The paper identifies four adaptation strategies that pattern organisational adaptive behaviour.     

Options to overcome the barriers to pricing European agricultural emissions

Although agriculture could contribute substantially to European emission reductions, its mitigation potential lies untapped and dormant. Market-based instruments could be pivotal in incentivizing cost-effective abatement. However, sector specificities in transaction costs, leakage risks and distributional impacts impede its implementation. The significance of such barriers critically hinges on the dimensions of policy design. This article synthesizes the work on emissions pricing in agriculture together with the literature on the design of market-based instruments. To structure the discussion, an options space is suggested to map policy options, focusing on three key dimensions of policy design. More specifically, it examines the role of policy coverage, instruments and transfers to farmers in overcoming the barriers. First, the results show that a significant proportion of agricultural emissions and mitigation potential could be covered by a policy targeting large farms and few emission sources, thereby reducing transaction costs. Second, whether an instrument is voluntary or mandatory influences distributional outcomes and leakage. Voluntary instruments can mitigate distributional concerns and leakage risks but can lead to subsidy lock-in and carbon price distortion. Third, the impact on transfers resulting from the interaction of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) with emissions pricing will play a key role in shaping political feasibility and has so far been underappreciated.

POLICY RELEVANCE

Following the 2015 Paris Agreement, European climate policy is at a crossroads. Achieving cost-effectively the 2030 and 2050 European targets requires all sectors to reduce their emissions. Yet, the cornerstone of European climate policy, the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), covers only about half of European emissions. Major sectors have been so far largely exempted from carbon pricing, in particular transport and agriculture. While transport has been increasingly under the spotlight as a possible candidate for an EU ETS sectoral expansion, policy discussions on pricing agricultural emissions have been virtually absent. This article attempts to fill this gap by investigating options for market-based instruments to reduce agricultural emissions while taking barriers to implementation into account.     

利用防火墙软件实现市、县局用户共享上网

介绍采用WinRoute Firewall软件实现市、县局用户共享上网的方法,使市县局用户既能共享网络资源,又能有效地保障网络安全.     

如何将DOMINO邮件数据库移动到另外一个分区

随着用户的增多,MOMINO邮件服务器上的硬盘空间越来越少,如果不增加硬盘空间,将会严重影响到系统的运行,甚至死机.一个解决方案是:为服务器新增一个大硬盘,将数据库文件移到新硬盘上.如何以最小的代价、最快的速度、尽量不影响用户的正常使用来完成此项工作呢?通过查询相关资料,并做了实验,发现有两种方法相对简单.