大气角动量的研究进展

地球系统由固体地球、大气和海洋等流体层组成。在自转的地球上相对于地球表面运动的空气,因受到摩擦和山脉的作用,与转动地球之间产生转动力矩,即为大气角动量(Atmospheric angular momentum,AAM)。早期有关AAM的研究主要用于解释大气环流中信风和盛行西风得以维持的原因,而近些年来研究者更注重研究AAM的变化问题,包括山脉和摩擦力矩、角动量及其输送的季节、年际和年代际等多时间尺度的变化问题,并将其与日长(Long of day,LOD)变化、厄尔尼诺和南方涛动等地球、海洋和大气现象联系起来。作为一个描述大气环流的基本变量,AAM的平衡和异常反映了大气活动与固体地球、海洋在多时空尺度上的耦合过程。比如,大气的季节性质量重新分布(大气压)和运动(纬向风)的驱动(也就意味着AAM发生了变化)可导致LOD随之发生相应的季节性变化;从角动量守恒的角度来讲,当大气自西向东的角动量增加时,固体地球的角动量必然减小,地球自转速度减慢,LOD增大,反之亦然。因此,AAM的研究一直以来都受到气象学家、天文学家和地球科学家等的青睐。主要总结了20世纪80年代以来在地气系统角动量交换和平衡、AAM的变化及其与大气、海洋活动、地球自转的联系等方面的相关研究进展,并指出了当前研究中所存在的一些问题,为未来的科学研究提供参考。     

我国气候振动与地球自转速度变化的关系

本文分析了我国旱涝36年周期振动与地球自转速度变化的关系,得到结论:地球自转速度加快时,我国东部地区降水偏少;反之,地球自转速度减慢时,我国东部地区降水偏多。本文还对赤道东太平洋海温异常与地球自转速度变化的关系做了分析。      

地球自转减慢与厄·尼诺现象的形成

著名的厄·尼诺现象的成因,目前尚无一致的结论。本文得到,地球自转大幅度持续减慢与厄·尼诺现象的发生,两者有相当一致的同步演变关系。并且,后者比前者平均滞后14天,南方涛动也比地球自转减慢滞后。表明地球自转急剧减慢很可能是形成厄·尼诺现象的一个重要原因。文中还从固体地球、大气、海洋三者总角动量守恒的假定出发,讨论了地球自转减慢影响赤道洋流、信风减弱的量级及其形成厄·尼诺的物理途径。     

地转变速对东亚夏季环流影响的数值试验

地转变速对东亚夏季环流影响的数值试验苗峻峰，徐祥德（天津市气象局）（中国气象科学研究院）１引言古生物学家曾用古生物化石研究地转速度的长期变化，发现地转速度长期以来是逐步减慢的，在长期减慢过程中又叠加着不同时间长度的波动［１］。而大气环流特征及其变化规...     

El Ni(~n)o和La Ni(~n)a冬季增强型和减弱型及其对中国夏季旱涝的影响

根据El Ni(~n)o和 La Ni(~n)a发生以后冬季赤道东太平洋海温距平的月际差定义了El Ni(~n)o和La Ni(~n)a冬季增强型和冬季减弱型,讨论了El Nio和La Nia冬季增强型和减弱型冬、春、夏季大气环流、东亚季风及我国夏季降水和旱涝分布的特征.我国夏季降水和旱涝有明显差异的四种不同分布型可能与冬季所处ENSO循环的不同阶段以及大气环流和东亚季风对它的不同响应有关.提出了从El Ni(~n)o和La Ni(~n)a冬季不同型→大气环流和东亚季风→我国夏季降水和旱涝分布型的物理统计概念模型.     

地球自轉速率年变化的一个可能進一步的解釋

把大气和地球看成一个孤立的系统,则此系统之总角动量不改变。从冬到夏地球本身的角动量增加,则同一时期大气的总角动量减少,但是低层大气(从地面到800毫巴)的平均西风环流夏季反而强於冬季,因此作者认为:从冬到夏近地面西风环流的这种加强,可能就是同一期间地转角速加快的原因;同时也可能是夏季大气角动量消耗率较高的原因。     

气候及其环流因子对地球自转速度变化的若干响应

本文揭示了一系列事实,说明气候及其环流因子与地球自转速度变化有关,同时阐明了两者相互联系的物理原因。最后,作者论述了地球自转速度变化影响天气气候的空间特征和时间尺度。     

相对瞬变气候态的气候异常

极端天气和异常气候的定量分析与预报需要一个确定的参考态。瞬变气候是地球固定点上大气相对太阳的自转和公转所接受到的太阳辐射与地表特征的动力与热力耦合形成的具有24 h日循环和365 d年循环的气候态。相对年循环的逐日气候态,本文首先考察了天气扰动和气候上的季节内异常、年际异常和长期趋势(或年代际异常),回顾了气候态中客观存在于大气经向剖面中的年平均四圈环流及其长期变化,水平空间分布中的环流系统随季节的变化和在季节内的准周期变化。针对大气环流强度的长期趋势,本文综述了与之对应的南北半球气候长期趋势中的不对称分布。     

地球自转速率变化对气候的影响

引起气候变化的可能机制包括:由于太阳变化引起地球轨道变化的摄动效应、火山活动、地壳构造的运动、太阳输出的变化、冰川活动以及海洋反馈。而在一个几百万年这样的时间尺度里,对于气候变化有重要影响的因子则是地球自转周期的增长,但这一因子目前尚未受到普遍的重视。这种增长是很小的(～2.5毫秒/百年),并且正在延续着。现在已经知道地球自转速率对于大气和海洋环流有决定性的作用,因此必然会影响到气候变化。所以研究地球自转速率变化对于古气候演变的影响并检验这种推断是否符合已知事实,是很有意义的。     

江苏冬季气温的年代际变化及其背景场分析

利用1961-2000年江苏省60个台站的月平均气温资料，分析了江苏冬季(12月至次年2月)气温的异常空间分布特征；在此基础上，研究了江苏冬季气温的年代际变化及其对应的大气环流和SST异常的背景场特征；最后，初步探讨了江苏冬季气温的年代际异常与全球气温变化之间的可能联系。结果表明：(1)江苏冬季气温异常表现出整体偏冷或偏暖的趋势；(2)近40a，江苏冬季气温的异常变化具有显著的年代际变化特征，其中1961—1985年为偏冷期，而1986—1999年为偏暖期；(3)江苏冬季冷、暖期的大气环流、SSTA背景场存在显著的差异；东亚冬季风及江苏冬季气温的年代际异常与SSTA的年代际背景有着十分密切的联系。(4)在年代际尺度上，江苏冬季气温的异常变化与全球气温的异常变化具有较好的一致性，尤其是1980年代中期以来的异常升温与全球气温的明显增暖是同步的，可以认为江苏冬季气温的年代际变化主要体现为对全球增暖的响应。     

数字滤波方法在月尺度数值预报中的应用Ⅰ.初始场滤波的作用

本工作将数字滤波方法用于Ｔ４２Ｌ９谱模式的月预报实验。为了去除高频扰动误差的影响，保留对月预报有意义且可预报性较强的低频过程，用滤波器对观测资料的序列进行处理，得到１０天以上的低频分量作为初始场进行预报。结果说明，与不进行滤波的控制实验相比，误差增长明显减慢，预报效果在１０～２０天时段内提高最显著。进一步分析表明，延伸预报效果随时间的变化主要是由其中低频分量的预报效果决定的。初始场滤波后预报效果的提高也主要是由于其低频分量报得更好，而在此低频背景下新产生出来的高频扰动误差也相应较小，因而总体的预报效果好于控制实验。而如果在控制实验预报后提取低频分量进行检验，则对逐日预报的改进不明显。经过初始场滤波后对１～１０天至１～３０天平均场的预报也有较显著的提高。对旬平均预报改进最大的是在第二个１０天。对５００ｈＰａ环流形势的预报也更接近实际。本工作的结果说明，在中长期预报中如果能用适当的方法提取出低频过程的信息，则可望提高预报水平     

Two warm frontal passages at Ottawa,Canada

The numerical simulations of Baumhefner (1971, 1972) and Miyakoda and Umscheid (1973) have shown that a “wall” placed at or near the equator has a serious effect on Northern Hemisphere forecasts after 10–14 days.

In practice, however, numerical models have available some information from the Southern Hemisphere. The question is posed, “How much information from the Southern Hemisphere is necessary to yield a forecast for the Northern Hemisphere which is more accurate than that obtained by integrating over the Northern Hemisphere alone?”

A simple numerical experiment demonstrates that a global model in which only the largest scales of the Southern Hemisphere are known at initial time yields a more accurate forecast for the Northern Hemisphere than a hemispheric model.     

云南冰雹的时空分布特征及其气候成因初探

利用云南省120个测站961-1997年的逐月冰雹累计日数资料，分析了云南冰雹日数的时空分布特征，着重讨论了冰雹日数的地理分布、年际及月际变化情况，同时初步分析了云南冰雹天气形成的气候背景。研究结果表明：云南冰雹主要发生于2月、3月和4月，是典型的春雹发生区，春季冰雹日数占全年冰雹日数的64％；同时运动春雹有明显年际变化，最严重的年份是1990年；最少的年份是1984年；从区域来看，滇西南是主要的冰雹发生区，占全省冰雹日数的30.4％，其次是滇中占23.8％。另外，多春雹年和少春雹年北半球极涡中心强度、青藏高原高度场、印缅槽及OLR场等存在显著的差异。     

MOS温度预报中最优训练期方案

以欧洲中期天气预报中心 (ECMWF) 模式细网格地面气温为预报因子,设计多种训练期方案进行2014—2015年福建省气象站每日两次1~7 d的日最高气温和日最低气温MOS (model output statistics) 预报,并进行检验和改进。准对称混合滑动训练期方法为取预报日之前和前1年预报日之后相同日数的样本混合而成,分1年期或多年期。结果表明:准对称混合滑动训练期方案优于滑动训练期方案和传统季节固定期分类方案,且2年期优于1年期。以不同周期确定最佳训练期日数的方案应用对比显示,以年为评估周期优于以月为评估周期以及更短时间周期。在2015年日最高气温和日最低气温MOS预报中,基于上年度评估所得最佳训练期日数,2年期准对称混合滑动训练期方案较ECMWF模式细网格产品质量有较大提高,优于预报员预报,有较好的应用参考价值。     

Climatic variability within an equilibrium greenhouse simulation

A simulation of the possible consequences of a doubling of the CO₂ content of the atmosphere has been performed with a low resolution global climatic model. The model included the diurnal and seasonal cycles, computed sea ice amount and cloud cover, and used implied oceanic heat fluxes to represent transport processes in the oceans. A highly responsive 2-layer soil moisture formulation was also incorporated. Twenty year equilibrated simulations for control (1 × CO₂) and greenhouse (2 × CO₂) conditions were generated. The major emphasis of the analysis presented here is on the intra-annual and interannual variability of the greenhouse run with respect to the control run. This revealed considerable differences from the time-averaged results with occasions of marked positive and negative temperature deviations. Of particular interest were the periods of negative temperature departures compared to the control run which were identified, especially over the Northern Hemisphere continents. Temporal and spatial precipitation and soil moisture anomalies also occurred, some of which were related to the surface temperature changes. Substantial sea surface temperature anomalies were apparent in the greenhouse run, indicating that a source of climatic forcing existed in addition to that due to doubling of the CO₂. Comparison of the intra-annual and interannual variability of the control run with that of the greenhouse run suggests that, in many situations, it will be difficult to identify a greenhouse signal against the intrinsic natural variability of the climatic system.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS FOR CLIMATE VARIABILITY OF MONSOON UNDER THE UNITED EFFECTS OF ANTARCTIC ICE COVER AND SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE*

In order to study the mechanisms of climate natural variability under the united effects of antarctic ice cover(AIC) and sea surface temperature(SST),we have done a series of numerical experiments for the climate variability of the period from January 1981 to December 1983 by using a threelevel atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM).Firstly we conduct climate integration for sixyears,then 3 years' control integration from January 16 of the seventh year.Moreover,we do threesensitivity experiments,which are the sensitivity experiments forced by observed SST and AIC.observed SST and climatic AIC,observed AIC and climatic SST respectively,to study the climate variability and its mechanisms affected by SST and AIC.We put emphasis on the variability of East Asiamonsoon and the Southern Hemisphere(SH) circulation.In this paper,introduction is made to theresults of control test and the sensitivity experiment forced by observed SST and AIC,and the predictability of the monsoon climate variability is discussed.     

A GCM Simulation of Heat Waves, Dry Spells, and Their Relationships to Circulation

Heat waves and dry spells are analyzed (i) at eightstations in south Moravia (Czech Republic), (ii) inthe control ECHAM3 GCM run at the gridpoint closest tothe study area, and (iii) in the ECHAM3 GCM run fordoubled CO₂ concentrations (scenario A) at thesame gridpoint (heat waves only). The GCM outputs arevalidated both against individual station data andareally representative values. In the control run, theheat waves are too long, appear later in the year,peak at higher temperatures and their numbers areunder- (over-) estimated in June and July (in August).The simulated dry spells are too long, and the annualcycle of their occurrence is distorted.Mid-tropospheric circulation, and heat waves and dryspells are linked much less tightly in the controlclimate than in the observed. Since mid-troposphericcirculation is simulated fairly successfully, wesuggest the hypothesis that either the air-masstransformation and local processes are too strong inthe model or the simulated advection is too weak. Inthe scenario A climate, the heat waves become a commonphenomenon: warming of 4.5 °C in summer(difference between scenario A and control climates)induces a five-fold increase in the frequency oftropical days and an immense enhancement of extremityof heat waves. The results of the study underline theneed for (i) a proper validation of the GCM outputbefore a climate impact study is conducted and (ii)translation of large-scale information from GCMs intolocal scales using downscaling and stochasticmodelling techniques in order to reduce GCMs' biases.     

PROPAGATION OF 30-60 DAY LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON THE SUBTROPICAL WESTERLIES JET STREAM DURING NORTHERN HEMISPHERE WINTER*

Based on daily ECMWF gridpoint data of two winters during 1981-1983 including an ENSO year,propagation of low frequency oscillations(LFO) during Northern Hemisphere winters and their influences upon 30-60 day oscillations of the subtropical jet stream are studied with the statistical methods as complex empirical orthogonal function(CEOF) and so on.Results show that in the winter of a normal year(1981-1982),30-60 day oscillations in the subtropical zone are mainly in the northern and southern flanks of exit region of jet stream.In the ENSO year(1982-1983),they are mainly in the vicinity of entrance and exit regions of jet stream.Intraseasonal changes of subtropical jet stream manifested themselves as latitudinal fluctuation or longitudinal progression or regression of about 40 day period.There are marked differences between propagating passages of low frequency modes responsible for changes of subtropical jet stream in the normal year(1981-1982) and in the ENSO year(1982-1983).Changes of oscillation amplitude show obvious phases.In general,the one in late winter is stronger than that in early winter,strongest one occurs in February.     

Modulation of low frequency intraseasonal oscillations of northern summer monsoon by El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

Summary In order to improve our understanding of the interannual variability of the 30–50 day oscillations of the northern summer monsoon, we have performed numerical experiments using a 5-level global spectral model (GSM). By intercomparing the GSM simulations of a control summer experiment (E1) and a warm ENSO experiment (E2) we have examined the sensitivity of the low frequency intraseasonal monsoonal modes to changes in the planetary scale component of the monsoon induced by anomalous heating in the equatorial eastern Pacific during a warm ENSO phase.It is found that the anomalous heating in the equatorial eastern Pacific induces circulation changes which correspond to weakening of the time-mean divergent planetary scale circulation in the equatorial western Pacific, weakening of the east-west Walker cell over the western Pacific ocean, weakening of the time-mean Reverse Hadley circulation (RHC) over the summer monsoon region and strengthening of the time-mean divergent circulation and the subtropical jet stream over the eastern Pacific and Atlantic oceans. These changes in the large scale basic flow induced by the anomalous heat source are found to significantly affect the propagation characteristics of the 30–50 day oscillations. It is noticed that the reduction (increase) in the intensity of the time-mean divergent circulation in the equatorial western (eastern) Pacific sectors produces weaker (stronger) low-level convergence as a result of which the amplitude of the eastward propagating 30–50 day divergent wave decreases (increases) in the western (eastern) Pacific sectors in E2. One of the striking aspects is that the eastward propagating equatorial wave arrives over the Indian longitudes more regularly in the warm ENSO experiment (E2). The GSM simulations reveal several small scale east-west cells in the longitudinal belt between 0–130°E in the E1 experiment. On the other hand the intraseasonal oscillations in E2 show fewer east-west cells having longer zonal scales. The stronger suppression of small scale east-west cells in E2 probably accounts for the greater regularity of the 30–50 day oscillations over the Indian longitudes in this case.The interaction between the monsoon RHC and the equatorial 30–50 day waves leads to excitation of northward propagating modes over the Indian subcontinent in both cases. It is found that the zonal wind perturbations migrate northward at a rate of about 0.8° latitude per day in E1 while they have a slightly faster propagation speed of about 1° latitude per day in E2. The low frequency monsoonal modes have smaller amplitude but possess greater regularity in E2 relative to E1. As the wavelet trains of low latitude anomalies progress northward it is found that the giant meridional monsoonal circulation (RHC) undergoes well-defined intraseasonal oscillations. The amplitude of the monsoon RHC oscillations are significantly weaker in E2 as compared to E1. But what is more important is that the RHC is found to oscillate rapidly with a period of 40 days in E1 while it executes slower oscillations of 55 days period in E2. These results support the observational findings of Yasunari (1980) who showed that the cloudiness fluctuations on the 30–60 day time scale over the Indian summer monsoon region are associated with longer periods during El Nino years. The oscillations of the monsoon RHC show an enhancement of the larger scale meridional cells and also a stronger suppression of the smaller scale cells in E2 relative to E1 which seems to account for the slower fluctuations of the monsoon RHC in the warm ENSO experiment. It is also proposed that the periodic arrival of the eastward propagating equatorial wave over the Indian longitudes followed by a stronger inhibition of the smaller meridional scales happen to be the two primary mechanisms that favour steady and regular northward propagation of intraseasonal transients over the Indian subcontinent in the warm ENSO experiment (E2). This study clearly demonstrates that the presence of E1 Nino related summertime SST anomalies and associated convection anomalies in the tropical central and eastern Pacific are favourable criteria for the detection and prediction of low frequency monsoonal modes over India.With 11 Figures     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS FOR CLIMATE VARIABILITY OF MONSOON UNDER THE UNITED EFFECTS OF ANTARCTIC ICE COVER AND SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE

In order to study the mechanisms of climate natural variability under the united effects of antarc-tic ice cover(AIC)and sea surface temperature(SST),we have done a series of numerical experi-ments for the climate variability of the period from January 1981 to December 1983 by using a three-level atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM).Firstly we conduct climate integration for sixyears,then 3 years'control integration from January 16 of the seventh year.Moreover,we do threesensitivity experiments,which are the sensitivity experiments forced by observed SST and AIC.ob-served SST and climatic AIC,observed AIC and climatic SST respectively,to study the climate vari-ability and its mechanisms affected by SST and AIC.We put emphasis on the variability of East Asiamonsoon and the Southern Hemisphere(SH)circulation.In this paper,introduction is made to theresults of control test and the sensitivity experiment forced by observed SST and AIC,and the pre-dictability of the monsoon climate variability is discussed.