伊金霍洛旗1980—2009年气候变化浅析

利用伊金霍洛旗1980—2009年的年平均气温、降水量、蒸发量、平均风速、扬沙日数、沙尘暴日数、日照时数等资料,统计分析了伊金霍洛旗近30年的气候变化规律。得到：近30年平均气温呈波动上升趋势,90年代上升幅度较大;年降水量呈波动变化,变化趋势不是很明显;平均风速总趋势是呈减小的;年扬沙日数和沙尘暴日数呈明显下降趋势;年蒸发量总体趋势是下降的;年日照时数总趋势是波动中增加,但增加幅度较小。     

1960—2018年中国日照时数变化及其与大气环流的关系

日照时数是反映太阳辐射强弱的重要指标,是衡量一个地区太阳能开发潜力的重要依据,同时也是表征气候变化的重要气候要素之一,分析日照时数变化及其影响因素对于农业生产、太阳能资源开发具有重要意义。基于中国595个气象站点1960—2018年逐日日照时数数据,选取3个指数(年平均日照时数、日照时数≥3 h·d-1的天数和日照时数≥6 h·d-1的天数)量化日照时数变化,并分析了中国日照时数指数变化趋势及其与大气环流的关系。(1) 中国日照时数空间分布不均,日照时数高的地区分布在青藏、西北、华北地区。青海冷湖是中国年平均日照时数最长和日照时数≥6 h·d-1的天数最多的区域;四川盆地是中国年平均日照时数最短、日照时数≥3 h·d-1和≥6 h·d-1的天数最少的区域。中国年平均日照时数、日照时数≥3 h·d-1和≥6 h·d-1天数由最低值的四川盆地向高纬度、高海拔地区增加。(2) 1960—2018年中国年平均日照时数、日照时数≥3 h·d-1和≥6 h·d-1天数均呈显著减少趋势(P<0.001),其中东北的南部、华北地区、华南地区及新疆的中部地区日照时数指数均呈显著下降趋势(P<0.001);而青藏高原、黄土高原和云贵高原的大部分地区日照时数呈不显著上升趋势。(3) 日照时数变化受大气环流的影响显著。日照时数年际变化与亚洲区极涡强度指数呈显著正相关(P<0.001),与北极涛动指数和西太平洋副高强度指数呈显著负相关。中国东部地区大气环流主要通过影响天气进而影响日照时数变化的。研究结果可为区域太阳能资源合理开发利用和日照时数变化预测提供参考。     

菏泽市日照时数时空变化特征分析

利用1971—2010年菏泽市7县2区地面气象观测站提供的日照时数资料,从年际、年代及季节等多时间尺度,对菏泽市近40a日照时数的空间分布、日照时数的年际、年代及季节变化趋势、日照时数的突变分析以及各县区的日照时数保证率进行了分析。结果表明:菏泽市的年平均日照时数由北部向南部呈递减的趋势;年平均日照时数、四季的平均日照时数随年代的增加均呈明显的下降趋势。     

青海黄南地区近54年蒸发量变化特征及其影响因子

利用青海省黄南地区近54a(1960—2013年)蒸发量、气温、降水量、日照时数、水汽压等资料,应用地理信息系统、数理统计、线性回归和Mann-Kendall检验等方法分析了黄南地区蒸发量的空间及时间变化趋势,并对黄南地区蒸发量变化特征及其影响因子进行了诊断研究。结果表明:黄南地区年平均蒸发量呈明显的下降趋势,20世纪60—70年代为蒸发量偏多阶段,80年代及后为偏少阶段;黄南地区蒸发量最大的季节是春季和夏季,各季蒸发量均呈减少趋势;黄南地区年蒸发量在1973年发生了由多到少的突变,春、夏、秋、冬季分别发在1973、1975、1976和1974年;分析影响蒸发量的相关因子,蒸发量与日照时数呈显著的正相关关系,与水汽压和降水量呈显著的负相关关系,日照时数的减小是蒸发量减少的主要影响因子。     

近50a开封市气候变化特征分析

利用开封市气象观测站1957-2007年的观测资料,分析了近50 a气候变化的特征,结果表明:开封市年平均气温呈上升趋势,春季气温呈波浪式平缓上升,夏季气温略有下降,秋季气温缓慢上升,冬季气温上升明显;年平均降水量变化趋势不明显,年际波动大,夏季降水呈上升趋势,冬春降水变化不明显,秋季降水下降明显;历年大风日数呈V型上升趋势,夏季上升明显,秋冬两季略有下降;年平均大雾日数呈明显上升趋势;年平均日照时数呈下降趋势,2000年后日照时数下降明显.     

图里河气候变化特征分析

文章利用图里河测站1961-2006年的气温、降水量、大风日数、无霜期、日照时数、相对湿度等地面观测资料,分析了图里河近46年的气候变化趋势。结果显示：46年来,图里河年平均气温呈波动上升趋势,平均上升0．39％／10a,且上升幅度为春季〉冬季〉夏季〉秋季;年降水量变化趋势不明显,80年代最多,2001--2006年平均降水量最少：相对湿度和大风日数呈波动下降趋势;无霜期日数呈增加趋势;日照时数没有明显的升降趋势;年蒸发量总的趋势是微量上升,尤其是1990年以后。     

黄河流域近40年日照百分率的气候变化特征

利用黄河流域及其周边146个气象站1960--2000年逐月日照百分率资料，研究分析了黄河流域日照百分率的气候变化趋势。结果表明，就整个流域平均而言，日照百分率呈明显下降趋势，黄河流域年平均日照百分率在20世纪90年代较60年代下降了2．49％；日照百分率的下降主要表现在夏季和冬季，春季和秋季下降不明显。对日照百分率气候变化的空间分析表明，除极少数台站的日照百分率呈略有上升趋势外（主要出现在流域上游），黄河流域日照百分率的下降表现得非常明显，遍布整个流域的中、下游。     

1960－2008年广东省不同区域的日照时数变化特征

根据全省86个气象站1960－2008年的日照资料,研究了49年来广东省北部、中部、东南部和西南部4个区域的日照变化特征。结果表明,4个区域的年平均日照时数均呈下降趋势,并且具有2－4年的显著振荡周期。日照时数中部地区减少最明显,与20世纪60年代相比,21世纪中部、东南部、西南部、北部年日照时数分别减少了245.7、132.8、113.6和85.3h。4个区域各个年代年日照时数都是东南部最多,其次是西南部。从季节分布看,夏季减少最明显,东南部冬季光资源最好。中部地区日照时数减少明显的主要原因是工业污染及人类活动影响,使灰霾日数增加所造成的。     

额济纳旗近47年气候变化特征分析

利用额济纳旗地面气象站1960--2006年降水、气温、蒸发量、风速、大风日数和日照时数资料,分析了该地区气候变化趋势及其年代际变化特征。结果表明,近47年来,额济纳旗气温呈上升趋势,降水趋势无明显变化,蒸发量、风速和大风日数呈明显减少趋势,日照时数呈不明显减少趋势;以80年代中期为界分为冷、暖2个时期,80年代中期之前为冷期,之后为暖期;60～70年代冷湿期,80年代气候以干燥为主,前半期干冷,后半期干热;90年代波动较大,但总体降水增加,温度增高,为湿热期;2000年以来持续干热,暖干化趋势明显。     

1961—2008年昆山市气候变化特征

利用1961—2008年昆山市气温、降水量和日照时数等主要气象要素资料,通过线性趋势方程、滑动平均等统计方法,探讨了近48 a昆山市气候变化特征。结果表明：昆山市年平均气温和四季平均气温均呈升高趋势,其中春季增温最明显,冬季次之;年平均最低气温的增温速度高于最高气温;降水量总体呈略上升趋势,冬、夏两季降水量增加明显,春、秋季降水量则呈减小趋势,但不显著,降水年际变化幅度较大;年总日照时数和各季日照时数均呈下降趋势,其中尤以夏季减少最明显。     

Mechanisms for the land/sea warming contrast exhibited by simulations of climate change

The land/sea warming contrast is a phenomenon of both equilibrium and transient simulations of climate change: large areas of the land surface at most latitudes undergo temperature changes whose amplitude is more than those of the surrounding oceans. Using idealised GCM experiments with perturbed SSTs, we show that the land/sea contrast in equilibrium simulations is associated with local feedbacks and the hydrological cycle over land, rather than with externally imposed radiative forcing. This mechanism also explains a large component of the land/sea contrast in transient simulations as well. We propose a conceptual model with three elements: (1) there is a spatially variable level in the lower troposphere at which temperature change is the same over land and sea; (2) the dependence of lapse rate on moisture and temperature causes different changes in lapse rate upon warming over land and sea, and hence a surface land/sea temperature contrast; (3) moisture convergence over land predominantly takes place at levels significantly colder than the surface; wherever moisture supply over land is limited, the increase of evaporation over land upon warming is limited, reducing the relative humidity in the boundary layer over land, and hence also enhancing the land/sea contrast. The non-linearity of the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship of saturation specific humidity to temperature is critical in (2) and (3). We examine the sensitivity of the land/sea contrast to model representations of different physical processes using a large ensemble of climate model integrations with perturbed parameters, and find that it is most sensitive to representation of large-scale cloud and stomatal closure. We discuss our results in the context of high-resolution and Earth-system modelling of climate change.     

The new climate discourse: Alarmist or alarming?

The discourse on climate change is in part divided between a sense of alarm and a sense of alarmism in assessments of the magnitude and urgency of the problem. The divide in the discourse among climatologists relates to tensions in the use of key phrases to describe climate change. This article reviews evidence to support claims that climate change can be viewed as ‘catastrophic’, ‘rapid’, ‘urgent’, ‘irreversible’, ‘chaotic’, and ‘worse than previously thought’. Each of these terms are imprecise and may convey a range of meaning. The method used here is to assess whether the conventional understandings of these terms are broadly consistent or inconsistent with the science, or else ambiguous. On balance, these terms are judged to be consistent with the science. Factors which divide climatologists on this discourse are also reviewed. The divide over a sense of urgency relates to disagreement on the manner and rate at which ice sheets breakdown in response to sustained warming. Whether this rate is fast or slow, the amount of time available to reduce emissions sufficient to prevent ice sheet breakdown is relatively short, given the moderate levels of warming required and the inertia of the climate and energy systems. A new discourse is emerging which underscores the scope of the problem and the scope and feasibility of solutions. This discourse differentiates itself from existing discourses which view the magnitudes of the problem or of solutions as prohibitive.     

我国气候资源保护立法初探

概述了旨在分析制定我国气候资源保护单行法的必要性与可行性,提出制定我国气候资源保护单行法的基本构想。主要运用了实证分析、价值分析、经济分析和历史分析等研究方法。结果认为:制定我国气候资源保护单行法具有必要性与可行性;我国气候资源保护单行法要明确“维护生态公平与国家生态安全”的基本理念以及促进经济发展与维护生态系统平衡的二元立法目的,并由此确立该法的基本原则、基本制度、监管体制和法律责任。     

Recent Researches on the Short-Term Climate Prediction at IAP－A Brief Review

回顾了近年来在中国科学院大气物理研究所开展的有关短期气候预测研究的进展。第一个短期气候数值预测是曾庆存等利用一个耦合了热带太平洋海洋环流模式的全球大气环流模式作出的。1997年，一个基于海气耦合模式的ENSO预测系统，包括一个海洋初始化方案被建立起来，同时也开展了基于海温异常的东亚气候可预测性研究。利用气候变动的准两年信号，王会军等提出了一个可以显著改进模式预测准确率的模式结果修正方案。为了考虑土壤湿度的初始异常对夏季气候的影响，一个利用大气资料如温度、降水等经验地反演土壤湿度的方法也被建立起来。还通过一系列的数值试验研究了 1998年夏季大水发生当中海温异常和大气环流初始异常的作用。     

气候资源的法律概念及其属性探讨

运用价值分析、比较分析、历史分析等方法,探讨了气候资源法律概念的内涵与外延及其属性问题,旨在为我国气候资源保护立法研究提供基础法律理论支撑。结果表明:气候资源是气候要素中可以被人类利用的那一部分自然物质和能量,是一种典型的自然资源,可以成为法律关系客体;它具备自身鲜明的特性,有必要对之提出专门的立法保护。气候资源保护法律规范属于环境保护与自然资源法律规范的范畴。     

Recent Researches on the Short-Term Climate Prediction at IAP－A Brief Review

Studies on the seasonal to extraseasonal climate prediction at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) in recent years were reviewed. The first short-term climate prediction experiment was carried out based on the atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) coupled to a tropical Pacific oceanic general circulation model (OGCM). In 1997, an ENSO prediction system including an oceanic initialization scheme was set up. At the same time, researches on the SST-induced climate predictability over East Asia were made. Based on the biennial signal in the interannual climate variability, an effective method was proposed for correcting the model predicted results recently. In order to consider the impacts of the initial soil mois ture anomalies, an empirical scheme was designed to compute the soil moisture by use of the atmospheric quantities like temperature, precipitation, and so on. Sets of prediction experiments were carried out to study the impacts of SST and the initial atmospheric conditions on the flood occurring over China in 1998.     

气候敏感度、气候反馈过程与2℃升温阈值的不确定性问题

气候敏感度是度量温室气体浓度升高和全球升温幅度关系的重要指标,当前气候模拟和气候预估中的很多不确定性问题,都直接和气候敏感度有关。气候敏感度的大小也决定着预估的气候变暖幅度的大小,直接影响到温室气体减排政策的制订。在简要回顾气候敏感度概念的提出和研究历史基础上,着眼于气候反馈分析,介绍了气候敏感度与辐射强迫和反馈过程的关系,总结了气候系统主要的反馈过程;根据大气层顶的能量平衡关系,利用CMIP5多模式结果介绍了平衡态气候敏感度和瞬态气候响应(包括累积碳排放的瞬态气候响应)的估算原理和方法,总结了气候敏感度不确定性的来源,并以"2℃阈值"问题为例,介绍了气候敏感度对预估结果不确定性的影响。随着观测资料的积累和气候模式的发展,继续减少气候敏感度的不确定性、估算包含碳循环的敏感度、利用地球系统模式规划最优碳排放路径是未来本领域主要的研究方向。     

Does public policy support or undermine climate change adaptation? Exploring policy interplay across different scales of governance

Policy makers have now recognised the need to integrate thinking about climate change into all areas of public policy making. However, the discussion of ‘climate policy integration’ has tended to focus on mitigation decisions mostly taken at international and national levels. Clearly, there is also a more locally focused adaptation dimension to climate policy integration, which has not been adequately explored by academics or policy makers. Drawing on a case study of the UK, this paper adopts both a top-down and a bottom-up perspective to explore how far different sub-elements of policies within the agriculture, nature conservation and water sectors support or undermine potential adaptive responses. The top-down approach, which assumes that policies set explicit aims and objectives that are directly translated into action on the ground, combines a content analysis of policy documents with interviews with policy makers. The bottom-up approach recognises the importance of other actors in shaping policy implementation and involves interviews with actors in organisations within the three sectors. This paper reveals that neither approach offers a complete picture of the potentially enabling or constraining effects of different policies on future adaptive planning, but together they offer new perspectives on climate policy integration. These findings inform a discussion on how to implement climate policy integration, including auditing existing policies and ‘climate proofing’ new ones so they support rather than hinder adaptive planning.     

新、旧气候态差异及对中国地区气候和极端事件评估业务的影响

利用1961—2020年中国区域2089个地面观测站资料,分析了1991—2020年和1981—2010年新、旧气候态下,平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和降水量等变量的空间变化特征,探讨对气候距平值、极端事件等评估结果的影响。结果表明：新气候态下,全国三类气温年和季节平均均一致升高,年降水增加,空间上气温偏高（低）、降水偏多（少）的特征将弱（强）化;华北东部、华东中部和北部以及青海西南部的年平均风速和日照时数距平增加;极端高温年减少,低温年增多,其中平均气温和最低气温受到的影响较最高气温更大;夏季南北方两条雨带极端强降水年的发生概率降低,冬季东北中部和南部、华北、华东北部、西北东部极端弱降水年概率显著增加;全国超过一半的站点极端日高温、低温和强降水事件的历史频次发生改变;新气候态还减弱了极端日高温事件的增速,加快了极端日低温事件的降速。     

A new framework for isolating individual feedback processes in coupled general circulation climate models. Part I: formulation

This paper proposes a coupled atmosphere–surface climate feedback–response analysis method (CFRAM) as a new framework for estimating climate feedbacks in coupled general circulation models with a full set of physical parameterization packages. The formulation of the CFRAM is based on the energy balance in an atmosphere–surface column. In the CFRAM, the isolation of partial temperature changes due to an external forcing or an individual feedback is achieved by solving the linearized infrared radiation transfer model subject to individual energy flux perturbations (external or due to feedbacks). The partial temperature changes are addable and their sum is equal to the (total) temperature change (in the linear sense). The decomposition of feedbacks is based on the thermodynamic and dynamical processes that directly affect individual energy flux terms. Therefore, not only those feedbacks that directly affect the TOA radiative fluxes, such as water vapor, clouds, and ice-albedo feedbacks, but also those feedbacks that do not directly affect the TOA radiation, such as evaporation, convections, and convergence of horizontal sensible and latent heat fluxes, are explicitly included in the CFRAM. In the CFRAM, the feedback gain matrices measure the strength of individual feedbacks. The feedback gain matrices can be estimated from the energy flux perturbations inferred from individual parameterization packages and dynamical modules. The inter-model spread of a feedback gain matrix would help us to detect the origins of the uncertainty of future climate projections in climate model simulations.