气候资源保护立法讲座 第一讲：气候资源的概念及其属性

探讨了气候资源概念的内涵与外延及其属性问题，旨在为我国气候资源保护立法研究提供基础法律理论支撑。论文运用价值分析、比较分析、历史分析等方法，认为：气候资源是气候要素中可以被人类利用的那一部分自然物质和能量，是一种典型的自然资源，可以成为法律关系客体；它还具备自身鲜明的特性，有必要对之进行专门的立法保护。气候资源保护法律规范属于环境保护与自然资源法律规范的范畴。     

我国气候资源保护立法初探

概述了旨在分析制定我国气候资源保护单行法的必要性与可行性,提出制定我国气候资源保护单行法的基本构想。主要运用了实证分析、价值分析、经济分析和历史分析等研究方法。结果认为:制定我国气候资源保护单行法具有必要性与可行性;我国气候资源保护单行法要明确“维护生态公平与国家生态安全”的基本理念以及促进经济发展与维护生态系统平衡的二元立法目的,并由此确立该法的基本原则、基本制度、监管体制和法律责任。     

气候资源保护立法讲座 第二讲——我国气候资源保护立法现状及问题

分析我国气候资源保护立法现状及其主要问题，为我国气候资源保护立法完善的研究提供一些建议。文章立足于环境与资源保护法学研究的角度，主要运用了逻辑分析、比较分析、历史分析等研究方法，认为：我国目前没有专门的气候资源保护立法文件，与之相关的法律法规存在诸多问题，不能完成气候资源保护的任务，建议建立我国气候资源保护法律体系，并且完善相关法律规范。     

加快黑龙江省气候资源探测和保护立法的建议

气候资源探测和保护,是气象工作的重要组成部分,是各级政府、气象主管机构的主要职能之一。当前,随着全球气候变暖．气候资源探测和保护引起了全社会的关注,特别是当气候资源成为一种清洁可再生能源被开发利用时,吸引了越来越多的经济社会组织和利益集团参与介入,给气候资源探测和保护工作带来了许多新的问题和困难,其中一些急难问题亟需地方人大常委会从实际出发,通过立法加以法律规范,为依法探测和保护气候资源提供依据和保障。为此,本文根据上位法规定,对加快黑龙江省气候资源探测和保护立法工作．提出以下几点建议：     

气候资源的特性及开发利用和保护——对河南省气候资源工作的思考

气候资源的特性及开发利用和保护———对河南省气候资源工作的思考林俊英卢广建（河南省气象局,郑州·４５０００３）作为自然环境的一个重要组成部分,气候同其它自然资源一样,影响到人类生产、生活的各个方面。而明确地把气候作为一种资源的概念是１９７９年第一次世...     

四川省气候资源开发利用与保护政策法规现状分析

本文在较系统阐述四川省气候资源开发利用与保护政策法规现状的基础上,分析了四川在全面推动高质量发展时代背景下气候资源开发利用与保护政策法规面临的诸如制度不完善、操作性不强、执行力不足等主要问题,并结合四川的实际情况提出了完善四川气候资源开发利用与保护政策法规体系的对策建议。      

充分利用热量气候资源发展虎林市绿色水稻

气候资源是自然资源的重要组成部分 , 是人类赖以生存的基本的资源 . 合理开发利用气候资源 , 对于实施虎林绿色食品发展战略 , 发展虎林地方经济 , 提高绿色食品基地样板市水平 , 保护和改善人类的环境有着极其重要的作用 .     

气候资源开发利用中的法律问题

气候资源是自然资源和自然环境的重要组成部分，旱涝等气候灾害严重影响国计民生，是国民经济建设中必须考虑的重要因素。因此，气候变化问题不仅引起世界科技界，而且已经引起世界各国政府的严重关注，成为影响一个国家或地区可持续发展的核心问题之一。气候资源作为一种重要的再生资源，只要不受破坏，可以一直利用，永不枯竭。但是，自工业革命以来，地球上人口剧增和生产规模的迅速扩大，对环境的破坏和对气候的影响越来越大。若不加以规划和控制，这种影响不但会破坏人类赖以生存的居住环境，也将影响社会和生产的发展。因此，增强气候意识，用法律手段来规范人类开发利用和保护气候资源的行为，有着重要的现实意义。     

贵州冬季气候资源的优势及开发利用与保护

1前言气候资源是十大自然资源之一,受到各国政府普遍关注,气候资源作为一种可利用的再生资源,目前还没有引起社会的足够重视,社会各界对此也缺乏较多的了解,有些气候资源得不到合理开发利用,造成浪费,有些违背气候规律的开发利用,又造成对生态环境的极大破坏。50年代末和60年代初,江爱良先生对华南柑桔冻害和西双版纳橡胶避冻区划的研究,可以说是我国早期对冬季农业气候资源的开发利用研究的先声。贵州是我国除云南外,同纬度冬季温度最高的地区,尤其是省的北部和南部边缘低热河谷地区,热量条件更好,被誉为“天然温室”。境内…     

北京地区优质板栗细网格农业气候区划

气候资源是农业自然资源的重要组成部分，开展农业气候区划就是充分利用气候资源，发挥区域气候优势，以达到趋利避害的目的。20世纪50、60年代我国就已开展了农业气候区划工作。70、80年代曾进行过大规模的气候资源调查和农业气候区划，但所     

GIS在锦州地区气候资源分析中的应用

利用气象台站观测的资料，建立气候要素空间分析模型，在Arcgis8．1地理信息系统软件支持下，将锦州地区气候资源推算至100m网格单元上。计算并分析了锦州地区主要气候资源及其空间分布规律，重点对90年代热量条件变化进行分析，制作出气候资源数字图像。     

Climate discourses as barriers to rights-based adaptive social protection: How historical politics shape Ethiopia’s climate-smart safety net

A rights-based approach to ‘adaptive social protection’ holds promise as a policy measure to address structural dimensions of vulnerability to climate change such as inequality and marginalisation, yet it has been failing to gain traction against production and growth-oriented interventions. Through the lens of Ethiopia’s flagship Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP), we trace the role of climate discourses in impeding progress towards socially transformative outcomes, despite the importance of social protection for building resilience. We argue that intertwining narratives of moral leadership and green growth associated with Ethiopia’s national climate strategy shape how the PSNP is rendered ‘climate-smart’. These narratives, however, are embedded within politics that have historically underpinned the country’s drive for modernisation and growth-oriented policies, particularly in dealing with food insecurity. Like pre-existing narratives on development and the environment, they rationalise the presence of a strong central State and its control over natural resources and rural livelihoods. The PSNP is thus conditioned to favour technocratic, productivist approaches to adapting to climate change that may help reproduce, rather than challenge the entrenched politics at the root of vulnerability. Ultimately, this case study demonstrates how climate discourses risk diluting core rights-based dimensions of social protection, contradicting efforts to address the structural dimensions of vulnerability to climate change.     

近十年来我国气候变暖影响研究的若干进展

近年来，我国政府和科技界十分关注气候王馥棠变暖对我国经济发展可能影响的评估, 开展了许多重大项目和课题的研究。该文仅就气候变暖对我国自然植被、农业、森林、水资源、能源利用和区域海平面上升等领域影响评估研究的若干有意义的初步结果简要归纳和评述如下:取自不同GCM模型的未来气候变化情景下的影响评估模拟表明，我国的特征性自然植被类型将会发生明显的变化。同当前气候（1951~1980年）下的模拟分布相比，到2050年我国几乎所有地方的农业种植制度均将发生较大变化；气候变暖将导致复种指数增加和种植方式多样化，但降水与蒸散之间可能出现的负平衡和土壤水分胁迫的增加以及生育期的可能缩短，最终将导致我国主要作物的产量下降。气候变暖对我国水资源最明显的影响将会发生在黄淮海流域，这个区域的水资源供需短缺将大大提高。同时，气候变暖将改变我国室内取暖和降温的能源需求关系:北方冬季取暖的能源消耗将减少, 而南方夏季降温的能源消耗将会增加。海平面的上升将使我国三个主要沿海低洼脆弱区，即珠江三角洲、长江三角洲和黄河三角洲，面临部分遭受海水淹没的威胁。     

近50 年海河流域径流的变化趋势研究

该文用Mann-Kendall方法对近50年海河流域山区20个子流域的径流及降水的变化趋势进行了显著性检验, 结合降水, 径流及气温的年代距平值的同步分析以及径流对气候变化的敏感性研究结果, 对近50年海河流域径流的变化趋势, 提出了一个半定量分析的研究思路和方法。提出影响径流变化的三种类型:以气候暖干化为主, 人类活动为辅的径流显著衰减型;以人类活动为主, 气候暖干化为辅的径流显著衰减型;人类活动与气候变异都不明显, 径流无显著变化的类型。分析结果展示了气候、人类活动与水之间的相互作用。这种相互作用, 给径流的变化趋势分析和成因分析带来了复杂性与困难, 也给气候变化对水资源的影响研究提出了挑战。     

Dealing with displacement: Can “social protection” facilitate long-term adaptation to climate change?

This article explores the possibilities of using social protection to manage and reduce the risks of forced displacement resulting from climate change. It reviews the relevant literature on migration, disasters and climate change, and constructs a model through which international policies may be used to encourage resettlement options that support the capabilities and entitlements of poor and vulnerable populations. By distinguishing between rapid-onset disasters and long-term environmental change, it explores the ways in which cash transfers, asset transfers and conditional cash transfers may be used to break the cycle of vulnerability, destitution and distress migration that can occur during times of severe environmental stress. An important distinction is made between “economic migration,” which implies that households have at their disposal an opportunity to engage in forward-looking analysis about the ways in which they will invest household resources and “distress migration,” which implies that household decisions about investment and migration are largely ad hoc responses to external environmental processes and events. The article reviews recent discussions about the prospects of revising the international refugee regime, and identifies the opportunities and challenges of using social protection to support household decisions that can facilitate economic migration over the long-term.     

The implications of climate policy for the impacts of climate change on global water resources

This paper assesses the implications of climate policy for exposure to water resources stresses. It compares a Reference scenario which leads to an increase in global mean temperature of 4 °C by the end of the 21st century with a Mitigation scenario which stabilises greenhouse gas concentrations at around 450 ppm CO₂e and leads to a 2 °C increase in 2100. Associated changes in river runoff are simulated using a global hydrological model, for four spatial patterns of change in temperature and rainfall. There is a considerable difference in hydrological change between these four patterns, but the percentages of change avoided at the global scale are relatively robust. By the 2050s, the Mitigation scenario typically avoids between 16 and 30% of the change in runoff under the Reference scenario, and by 2100 it avoids between 43 and 65%. Two different measures of exposure to water resources stress are calculated, based on resources per capita and the ratio of withdrawals to resources. Using the first measure, the Mitigation scenario avoids 8-17% of the impact in 2050 and 20-31% in 2100; with the second measure, the avoided impacts are 5-21% and 15-47% respectively. However, at the same time, the Mitigation scenario also reduces the positive impacts of climate change on water scarcity in other areas. The absolute numbers and locations of people affected by climate change and climate policy vary considerably between the four climate model patterns.     

The principal-agent problem and climate change adaptation on public lands

Climate change presents clear risks to natural resources, which carry potential economic costs. The limited nature of physical, financial, human and natural resources means that governments, as managers of natural resources, must make careful decisions regarding trade-offs and the potential future value of investments in climate change adaptation. This paper presents cost-benefit analysis of scenarios to characterise economic benefits of adaptation from the perspective of a public institution (the provincial government) and private agents (forest licensees). The example provided is the context of assisted migration strategies for regenerating forests that are currently being implemented in British Columbia to reduce future impacts of climate change on forests. The analysis revealed positive net present value of public investment in assisted migration across all scenarios under a range of conditions; however, private sector agents face disincentives to adopt these strategies. Uncertainty about how the costs, benefits and risks associated with climate change impacts will be distributed among public institutions and private actors influences incentives to adapt to climate change (the “principal-agent problem”) and further complicates adaptation. Absent development of risk-sharing mechanisms or re-alignment of incentives, uptake of assisted migration strategies by private agents is likely to be limited, creating longer-term risks for public institutions. Analyzing incentives and disincentives facing principals and agents using a well-known tool (cost-benefit analysis) can help decision-makers to identify and address underlying barriers to climate change adaptation in the context of public lands management.     

影响袁州区冬种油菜生产的气候原因及应对措施

江西省宜春市袁州区冬季光、温、水等气候资源丰富,有利于油菜生长。但历年气象资料表明,袁州区油菜生产中存在播种期干旱、开花期低温阴雨、春季高温高湿等气象灾害,影响油菜稳产、高产、优质,尤其是近年来受全球气候变化的影响,气象灾害出现的频率及影响程度有加剧的趋势。通过对袁州区气候资源的分析,认为合理利用气候资源,适时播种、加强管理、采用高产抗病新品种等措施,可防御或减轻气象灾害,使袁州区的油菜达到稳产、高产、优质。     

贵溪市植被资源遥感调查和综合气候区划

应用中巴资源一号卫星遥感数据、地理信息系统和全球定位系统技术，结合常规资料、野外考察等手段，采用数字化图像处理和分类技术，进行了贵溪市土地利用类型、水资源分布和森林植被等环境资源遥感解译。在通用的遥感图像分类方法的基础上，将GPS采样数据参与到各类资源遥感解译标志的建立和分类中，并留出样本做精度检验，提高了环境资源遥感解译的客观性和效率。根据中国亚热带东部丘陵山区气候考察资料和贵溪所处武夷山区17年的垂直气候观测资料，应用统计学方法建立了12种气候要素和资源随海拔高度变化模型。应用1:25万数字化地理数据，经三角网插值，生成20 m网格精度的数字高程图（DEM），通过地学模型，将气候要素（资源）计算到同样的网格点上。最后，应用GIS中栅格图层的空间分析方法，将环境资源遥感解译结果、气候资源、区划指标等计算到20 m分辨率的网格点上，应用逻辑算子进行气候分区判断，得到了优质双季晚稻适宜播种期等7种作物的综合区划，并对区划结果进行了分析。