毫米波雷达在北仑港区海雾监测中的应用

2016年底,毫米波雷达在国内首次作为一种海雾监测的技术手段被引入到宁波北仑港区。本文利用2015—2018年北仑港周边多个区域自动站的能见度监测资料,分析区域内海雾分布特点,并对比了2018年两次低能见度天气个例。结果表明:①不同区域海雾差别较大,沿海区域雾日比陆地多,高海拔的较低海拔多;②港区海雾主要出现在3—6月并有逐月增多趋势;③毫米波雷达监测到的海雾个例,回波强度在-20dBz左右,可完整记录雾的空间分布及其生消过程,毫米波雷达能清晰监测到云、雾的分层分布。毫米波雷达在港区海雾监测中具有明显优势。     

面向业务应用的上海地区毫米波云雷达观测质量评估

基于宝山国家基本气象站部署的毫米波云雷达2019年的观测数据,辅以激光雨滴谱、微雨雷达、探空资料、风云四号卫星产品、地面雨量计等多元观测数据,从探测稳定性、探测能力、基数据和产品数据探测合理性等方面开展了毫米波云雷达观测质量评估。结果表明:毫米波云雷达在试验期间仅出现单次软件故障,且基数据全年获取率高于95％,探测稳定性较好;毫米波云雷达各高度最小可测回波强度位于-40～-20 dBZ,并随高度呈现出与理论相符的指数递减;9 km高度以下最小回波强度变化小于2 dB,最小回波探测能力稳定性较高,在降水率达到4～5 mm/h时,毫米波云雷达会出现强衰减导致的虚假晴空区。虽然多部毫米波云雷达的基数据存在差异,但与地面雨滴谱计算回波强度和微型雨雷达观测回波强度具有一致的垂直分布及时间演变特征。毫米波云雷达探测云顶云底高度与探空资料估算云顶云底高度、风云四号卫星反演云顶高度具有一定的一致性。拼接缝和距离旁瓣虚假回波是较为直观且能够对业务化应用产生直接影响的问题。     

毫米波云雷达功率谱密度数据的检验和 在弱降水滴谱反演中的应用研究

本文首先利用数值模拟的方法,分析了利用毫米波云雷达功率谱密度反演雨滴谱时,降水粒子米散射效应、空气湍流、空气上升速度等对雨滴谱和液态水含量等参数反演的影响;建立了功率谱密度处理及其直接反演雨滴谱、液态水含量、降水强度和空气上升速度的方法;并利用2012年7月在云南腾冲观测的二次弱降水数据,采用毫米波雷达和Ku波段微降水雷达观测的回波强度、径向速度垂直廓线以及780 m高度上的功率谱密度对比的方法,以及毫米波云雷达观测的780 m高度上功率谱密度、回波强度与地面雨滴谱计算得到的这些量的对比方法,分析了毫米波雷达数据的可靠性;并将780 m高度上毫米波雷达反演的雨滴谱与地面雨滴谱数据进行了对比,分析了毫米波雷达反演的雨滴谱的准确性;分析了毫米波雷达回波强度偏弱的原因,讨论了该高度以下降水对毫米波雷达衰减的影响。结果表明:空气湍流对弱降水微物理参数反演影响不大,而空气上升速度和米散射效应均对反演结果有一定影响;毫米波雷达观测到的径向速度和功率谱密度与微降水雷达比较一致,回波强度的垂直廓线的形状与微降水雷达也比较一致,但毫米波雷达观测的回波强度偏弱;与雨滴谱计算值相比,毫米波雷达观测的低层的回波强度也偏弱,天线上的积水是造成毫米波雷达回波强度变弱的主要原因。毫米波雷达观测的低层的功率谱密度与地面雨滴谱观测的数据形状比较一致,但有一定的位移。毫米波雷达反演的雨滴谱与地面观测的谱型和粒子大小也比较一致。这些结果初步验证了毫米波雷达观测的功率谱密度及其反演方法的可靠性。     

多普勒天气雷达在人工增雪中的应用

通过对2007年3月2～5日发生在河北省的一次大范围暴雪过程的多普勒天气雷达PPI径向速度和强度特征分析,发现强降雪形成、发展、加强、维持与消散的各个阶段在径向速度和强度上有明显的体现.低层辐合和暖平流、"牛眼"形结构的出现.预示着降雪加强;暖平流从低层到高层逐渐消失,预示着降水的减弱;一定范围的30dBz强回波中心持续一定的时间,就有可能产生强降雪.人工增雪应在降雪加强阶段进行;可参考"零度层亮带"所在的高度确定火箭发射仰角.     

Ka波段云雷达非云回波质量控制及效果评估

针对Ka波段毫米波云雷达观测中出现的非云回波,提出改进的质量控制方法,并利用2018年9月—2020年8月福建平和观测资料,定量评估质量控制效果及其对云-降水探测的影响。结果表明:提出的改进方法能较好改善雷达探测结果,可有效滤除非云回波。非云回波对3 km高度以下的弱云探测有重要影响,且非云回波的探测率与雷达灵敏度密切相关,整体随高度上升而下降;同时非云回波存在明显的日变化特征,午后—前半夜因湍流活动较强,非云回波的探测率也较高;后半夜—日出前因湍流活动减弱,非云回波的探测率逐渐下降。     

名山站探空资料与风廓线雷达资料的对比分析

应用四川省名山站2015~2017年6月21日~7月31日每日四个时次的西南涡加密探空资料与风廓线雷达资料,对比分析了在对流层低层风探测上两种资料的差异。结果表明:名山站风廓线雷达资料有效探测高度约为4200m;风廓线雷达和探空测得的风场廓线形状总体接近,两者的风速偏差较小,仅在个别层次和时次偏差大,风速的偏差大小与风廓线风速大小存在正相关关系,除少数情况外风廓线雷达测得的风速均大于探空;两者风向差值随高度的变化规律与风速相反,在中高层较小,低层较大;除01:15时次的500m高度外,其余时次自低层到高层两者观测到的主风向均由偏东北风变为偏西南风,一致性较好;U风和V风散点分布主要沿对角线呈棒槌型,V风质量优于U风,19:15这一时次的风廓线雷达探测U风相对探空资料存在明显系统性正偏差;风廓线雷达探测高度受降水影响较大,在07:15和13:15时次有降水时其探测高度明显高于无降水时。      

应用多普勒天气雷达资料分析强对流天气的垂直廓线特征

利用石家庄多普勒天气雷达资料,对2004-2007年的22次冰雹和39次短时强降水天气过程中的各要素进行了对比分析.结果表明:在单体对流云和积层混合型对流云中,冰雹回波的强度、高度均强(高)于短时强降水,并且单体对流云型冰雹和短时强降水的回波强度和顶高均强(高)于积层混合型,积层混合型对流云出现短时强降水比例高于冰雹.在回波中层,短时强降水主要为偏东风和偏南风,冰雹主要为偏西风、偏北风;冰雹平均风速大于短时强降水,在3～6 km的高度风速显著增加.强对流天气出现前均呈现低层辐合,高层辐散;都有较强的上升运动,在天气过程出现后冰雹的下沉运动更强;当高层辐散量大于低层辐合量时,对流云发展加强,反之减弱.     

固态毫米波雷达探测模式的对比评估与分析

利用2014年广东阳江和青藏高原外场观测中多种探测仪器的观测资料,对比了灾害天气国家重点实验室与航天科工23所联合研制的固态毫米波雷达三种探测模式最小可测回波强度、可测液态水(冰水)含量、观测同一目标时回波强度的差异以及与K波段微降水雷达回波强度的差异等。结果表明:(1)毫米波雷达不同模式最小可测回波强度差异与理论差异一致,边界层模式和降水模式能观测近地面全部层云和积云,卷云能观测5km高度冰水含量在0.0007 g·m~(-3)以上的卷云,随着高度上升探测能力有所下降;(2)毫米波雷达使用不同模式观测同一目标时,不同观测模式宏观回波强度一致,大部分差异不超过3.5 dB;(3)K波段微降水雷达和Pasivel2激光雨滴谱仪的近地面回波强度一致,毫米波雷达与K波段微降水雷达存在系统差异。     

一次超级单体风暴雷达产品特征及气流环境结构分析

2011年5月1日黔西南部分地区遭受了不同程度的灾害性天气,通过兴义多普勒天气雷达观测表明是超级单体风暴所致。利用兴义多普勒天气雷达探测资料及自动站观测资料对这次典型超级单体的基本产品及导出产品进行了分析。结果表明:风暴表现为单体自身发展型,基本属于右移风暴,风暴从发展到消亡的各个阶段其强度、最大强中心高度、垂直累积液态水含量、顶高、中气旋等产品均有不同的演变特征,风暴成熟阶段表现为典型的超级单体特征,有界弱回波区(BW-ER)及弱回波区(WER)明显,回波强中心高度及顶高上升明显,垂直流场表现为低层气旋性辐合,高层气流辐散。     

用X波段双偏振雷达资料对一次人工消减雨效果的分析

本文利用X波段双偏振雷达的探测的回波强度(Z)和差分反射率(Zdr),分析了2008年8月8日18:45至18:51时段,在北京房山火箭作业点进行的一次人工消雨作业前后回波强度(Z)和差分反射率(Zdr)的变化,分析结果表明,作业后回波强度减弱,偏振参量Zdr减小,人工消雨作业有效果。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on