El Chichón火山的太阳辐射效应

利用1964—1983年冬季无云条件下的太阳辐射资料分析发现,1982年3月底至4月初,墨西哥El Chichon(厄·奇冲)火山爆发后,对到达地球表面的太阳直接辐射、散射辐射以及总辐射产生了显著和持续的影响。这种影响特征与近百年来的几次巨大火山爆发所引起的辐射效应是一致的,这主要是因为火山气溶胶对太阳辐射的强大反向散射和吸收作用,改变了大气透明度所造成的。     

火山气溶胶的辐射影响

本文应用辐射传输计算研究了火山气溶胶,特别是大的火山爆发后短时期及火山周围地区内的火山气溶胶,对到达地面的向下的总的太阳辐射通量、行星反照率及大气加热率的可能影响.     

火山、厄尼诺与气候有关吗?

科学家们早就认识到了火山爆发与气候变化之间的联系.本杰明·福兰克林在1784年冰岛的拉基火山爆发后第一个提出了这种联系,这次火山爆发带来了整个欧洲上空的烟雾.他推想这种烟雾构成了太阳辐射与陆地之间的屏障,因而导致异常寒冷的冬季.但在主要的火山爆发之后,研究者们并不常常发现所预报的对流层降温.例如,1982年奇冲巨大的火山爆发后的几个月,全球温度实际上是上升了. 美国国家海洋和大气局的一位气象学家     

火山爆发对新疆气候的影响

利用1961～1993年新疆的辐射、气温和降水资料，分析了火山爆发指数VEI≥4级的火山爆发对气候的影响。分析表明：火山爆发可以作为短期气候预报的背景条件；强火山爆发后的1～2年中，新疆的太阳直接辐射有明显减少；年平均气温和各季平均气温都有不同程度的下降，其中新疆北疆秋季气温下降最明显；1992～1993年新疆夏、秋季的低温是1991年6月菲律宾VEI6级的Pinatubo火山强烈喷发的结果。     

西安城市对太阳辐射的影响

通过对西安30年实测太阳辐射资料的分析得出大气污染对太阳辐射的影响十分显著,主要表现为自70年代以后直接太阳辐射、总辐射显著减少,散射辐射明显增加,同期西安郊县直接太阳辐射、总辐射和散射辐射呈递减趋势,变化幅度小于西安市。谱分析表明,直接辐射减少、散射辐射增大与耗煤量密切相关。利用西安和郊县30年实测日照、云量资料计算郊县太阳辐射各分量,西安直接太阳辐射和总辐射值小于郊县而散射辐射与总辐射比值D/Q最大,城市有混浊岛效应。     

乌鲁木齐市近30a太阳辐射变化及其成因初探

利用乌鲁木齐市气象站1976—2005年太阳辐射和气象观测资料,分析乌鲁木齐市太阳辐射的变化及其成因。结果是:1990年以前总辐射、直接辐射是减少的,以后是增加的;而散射辐射在1986年之前递增、之后递减。初步认定总云量的减少、低云量的增加以及相对湿度的缓慢下降对太阳辐射变化有重要影响;从太阳辐射变化间接得出:近30a乌鲁木齐市空气污染总体有所减轻。     

西林地区太阳总辐射的气候特征

由于西宁地区太阳辐射观测站站址的两次迁移，加之迁移前后并无常规气象观测项目通常都必须进行的新旧站址对比观测资料，给辐射资料订正带来困难，本文着重探讨并解决了资料订正的方法，进而揭示西宁太阳总辐射时间变化特征以及与云量、火山爆发和太阳活动等的相关联系。     

1961-2009年大同市太阳辐射变化特征及与气象要素的关系

在全球气候变暖背景下,地面接收太阳辐射总量发生改变,探讨自然和人为因素对其影响成为热点。利用线性趋势分析、M-K突变检验和小波分析等方法,分析了1961-2009年大同市地面接收太阳辐射的变化特征,验证地面接收太阳辐射的突变年份和周期变化及未来变化趋势,探讨太阳辐射与相关气象要素的关系。结果表明：近49 a大同市地面接收太阳辐射年平均值为5617.28 MJ/m²,整体呈现明显下降趋势,但2000年后又缓慢上升;大同市地面接收太阳总辐射在1975年发生突变;太阳总辐射的振荡周期为9a,现正处于太阳辐射偏高年份;日照时数逐年递减,地面接收太阳辐射减少,二者呈现显著正相关;降水量在波动中缓慢减少,而地面接收太阳辐射总量减少,二者呈现一定正相关;云量变化逐年减少,但与地面接收太阳辐射相关性不明显,气候的自然因素变化与地面接收太阳辐射的相关性较小。     

近50年来鄂尔多斯地面太阳辐射的变化及与相关气象要素的联系

根据部分气象台站1961-2006年期间的观测资料, 分析了鄂尔多斯高原地面太阳辐射的年变化和年际变化特征, 也联系该地区云量、 降雨日数、 能见度、 沙尘暴日数和相对湿度等相关气象要素的资料的变化, 分析了该地区太阳辐射变化的可能原因以及这些变化对该地区太阳能资源利用的影响。结果表明： 鄂尔多斯高原地面太阳辐射的年变化与该地区天文辐射的变化基本一致, 夏季的云量对太阳辐射的削弱作用最强, 春季的沙尘气溶胶和较多的中高云量使该地区散射辐射的比例明显增加, 而直接辐射的比例明显减少; 近46年鄂尔多斯高原的地面太阳辐射量和直射比均呈总体减少的趋势, 但在1992年以后略微增加\.因太阳辐射变化的原因十分复杂, 进一步更深入的研究是需要的。     

青藏高原地区气溶胶直接辐射强迫的数值模拟研究

通过比较EMAC模式模拟结果和卫星观测结果证实了模式的可信性,进而利用模拟结果分析研究了2010～2012年青藏高原上空气溶胶光学厚度及其直接辐射强迫的时空分布规律。结果表明:所有气溶胶组分中,沙尘、水溶性气溶胶和气溶胶中液态水是高原的主要消光物质,三者年平均消光占比分别为0.27、0.20和0.49。2011年夏季纳布罗火山爆发,高空气溶胶消光在海拔14 km以上显著增强。青藏高原气溶胶在大气顶和地表的直接辐射强迫分布总体上由北向南递减,沙尘气溶胶在高原北部边缘大气顶产生正辐射强迫,气溶胶大气层直接辐射强迫对大气有增温效应,主要出现在沙尘含量高的地区。此外,受纳布罗火山爆发的影响,平流层气溶胶在2011年秋、冬季产生了明显较强的负辐射强迫,相比于无火山爆发的2010年和 2012年,青藏高原上空平流层气溶胶负辐射强迫在2011年秋季和冬季分别增加了55.50%和52.38%。     

太阳辐射变化对我国中东部和西非夏季风雨量的影响

60年代后期以来，尤其进入80年代，全球气候显著增暖，但从北半球以至我国来看，此种增暖主要出现于冬季，而在盛夏的东亚—西非季风雨带却呈现出明显南移趋势。经严格统计检验并获得数值试验的支持，发现此种南移趋势及伴随的华北和Sahel区雨量的减少，与北半球—我国晴空太阳直接辐射的减少趋势有关。后者的出现是近年来火山活动频繁和大气污染加剧综合作用的结果。     

Some remarks on the stratospheric temperature for Fairbanks,Alaska, after the El Chichón Eruption

Abstract

The first substantial radiative effects of the El Chichón volcanic cloud were observed in Fairbanks in the winter of 1982/83. Winter is the time when stratospheric temperatures can vary widely owing to sudden stratospheric warmings, and interannual variations are large. Mean monthly temperatures of the stratosphere were analysed for the 50‐, 40‐, 30‐, 25‐, 20‐, 15‐, and 10‐mb levels, with the greatest density of the volcanic cloud expected to be around the 20‐mb level. For the four winter months, December 1982 to March 1983, an increase in temperature was observed. This increase was not only observed in Fairbanks, but also for two other stations (McGrath and Anchorage) close by, for which we also analysed the stratospheric temperatures.

Further, the interdiurnal variation of temperature (the radiosonde ascents are made at 0200 and 1400 local time) showed marked and significant increases for all three stations. This can be explained by the fact that during daytime the volcanic cloud is warmed by absorption of solar radiation, while at night no substantial temperature effect for this layer was detected.     

火山活动对气候的影响

重大的火山喷发对气候的影响表现为地面温度降低，由于火山喷发存在季节、纬度和强度的差异，因此喷发物的空间分布特征不同，对辐射的影响也不同，降温出现的时间和降温的幅度不一致。中高纬喷发的火山主要影响发生喷发的半球，而中低纬的喷发可影响到全球，且影响时间较长；不同季节的火山喷发后，高纬度的温度响应较低纬明显，夏季的温度响应较冬季明显。有关火山活动对降水的影响目前已有了一些研究，但由于降水序列中火山信号较弱，同时还有ENSO等其他因子的影响，客观地分辨出火山的影响较复杂，目前尚无一致结论。     

北京地区大气气溶胶浑浊度系数β值的气候变化特征

利用北京1958—1989年共32年逐日晴空直接辐射资料，计算了大气气溶胶浑浊度系数β值，并结合北京市场用煤资料、天气状况资料和火山爆发资料对β值的年变化及多年变化特征及其成因进行了分析和初步研究。结果表明，北京地区的β值在春季最大，秋末初冬最小；1958—1977年，北京地区β值变化缓慢，维持在0.08—0.12之间，1978年以后，β值有显著增大趋势；一般情况下，非采暖期的β值反而大于采暖期的β值。     

青藏高原冬季降雪对地面净辐射的影响

过去的研究结果指出，冬季青藏高原地面净辐射场是一个由地理因子决定的基本场叠加上一个降雪后地面积雪区造成的扰动场组成，为定量研究冬季青藏高原降对地面净辐射的扰动幅度，利用作者已经建立的冬季青藏高原后地面反射率与降雪降雪面无（有）积雪时计算地面净辐射的公式，计算了不同强度降雪后地面净辐射日总量及其变化。     

气溶胶气候效应的一维模式分析

本文首先采用一线辐射对流模式，分析了乡村型、城市型气溶胶和平流层气溶胶含量增加对全球地表气温的直接影响以及硫酸盐粒子含量增加对全球地表气温的间接影响。然后利用考虑了海洋热惯性作用的ＥＢＭ／ＢＤ模式，模拟了近百年来由于大气中硫酸盐粒子含量变化、火山爆发和大气温室气体浓度增加共同引起的全球地表平均气温变化。结果表明：气溶胶的气候效应在地气系统辐射收支和全球气温变化研究中起着非常重要的作用。     

Role of natural external forcing factors in modulating the Indian summer monsoon rainfall,the winter North Atlantic Oscillation and their relationship on inter-decadal timescale

We use reconstructed data and multi-centennial integrations performed with the Bergen Climate Model Version 2 to investigate the impact of natural external forcing factors on the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall, the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the potential relationship between the ISM rainfall and the winter NAO on decadal to inter-decadal timescales. The model simulations include a 600-year control integration (CTL600) and a 600-year integration with time-varied natural external forcing factors from 1400 to 1999 (EXT600). Both reconstructed data and the simulation showed increased ISM rainfall 2–3 years after strong volcanic eruptions. Strong volcanic eruptions decrease the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST), which increases the strength of the southwesterly winds over the Arabian Sea. With negative externally-forced radiative anomaly, the lower stratospheric pole-to-equator winter temperature gradient is enhanced, leading to a positive winter NAO anomaly with a time lag of 1 year. There is no significant correlation between the winter NAO and ISM rainfall in CTL600. However, the ISM rainfall is significantly positively correlated with the winter NAO in EXT600, with the NAO leading by 2–4 years, which is consistent with the NAO–ISM rainfall relationship in the reconstructed data. We suggest that natural external forcing factors regulate the inter-decadal variability of both the winter NAO and the ISM rainfall and thus likely lead to an increased statistical but not causal relationship between them on the inter-decadal timescale over the past centuries.     

Modified HNO3 seasonality in volcanic layers of a polar ice core: Snow-pack effect or photochemical perturbation?

Using the chemical composition of snow and ice of a central Greenland ice core, we have investigated changes in atmospheric HNO₃ chemistry following the large volcanic eruptions of Laki (1783), Tambora (1815) and Katmai (1912). The concentration of several cations and anions, including SO ₄ ^2– and NO ₃ ^– , were measured using ion chromatography. We found that following those eruptions, the ratio of the concentration of NO ₃ ^– deposited during winter to that deposited during summer was significantly higher than during nonvolcanic periods. Although we cannot rule out that this pattern originates from snow pack effects, we propose that increased concentrations of volcanic H₂SO₄ particles in the stratosphere may have favored condensation and removal of HNO₃ from the stratosphere during Arctic winter. In addition, this pattern might have been enhanced by slower formation of HNO₃ during summer, caused by direct consumption of OH through oxidation of volcanic SO₂.     

Volcanos and El Niño: signal separation in Northern Hemisphere winter

The frequent coincidence of volcanic forcing with El Niño events disables the clear assignment of climate anomalies to either volcanic or El Niño forcing. In order to select the signals, a set of four different perpetual January GCM experiments was performed (control, volcano case, El Niño case and combined volcano/El Niño case) and studied with advanced statistical methods for the Northern Hemisphere winter. The results were compared with observations. The signals for the different forcings are discussed for three variables (temperature, zonal wind and geopotential height) and five levels (surface, 850 hPa, 500 hPa, 200 hPa and 50 hPa). The global El Niño signal can be selected more clearly in the troposphere than in the stratosphere. In contrast, the global volcano signal is strongest in the stratospheric temperature field. The amplitude of the perturbation for the volcano case is largest in the Atlantic region. The observed effect of local cooling due to the volcanic reduction of shortwave radiation over large land areas (like Asia) in subtropical regions, the observed advective warming over Eurasia and the advective cooling over Greenland are well simulated in the model. The radiative cooling near the surface is important for the volcano signal in the subtropics, but it is weak in high latitudes during winter. A statistically significant tropospheric signal of El Niño forcing occurs in the subtropics and in the midlatitudes of the North Pacific. The local anomalies in the El Niño forcing region in the tropics, and the warming over North America in middle and high latitudes are simulated as observed. The combined signal is different from a simple linear combination of the separate signals. It leads to a climate perturbation stronger than for forcing with El Niño or stratospheric aerosol alone and to a somewhat modified pattern.