气象行政执法管理中的若干法律问题

针对当前各级气象部门尤其是县级气象部门执法水平水高、执法经验不足、执法效果不理想的实际，结合黄梅县气象局防雷市场执法管理实践，从调查取证的合法性、执法文书的准确性、执法效果的显著性等三个方面，对气象行政执法工作中存在的若干突出问题进行了探讨。     

宁夏石嘴山市县级气象行政执法现状分析报告

气象部门担负着一系列重要法律法规的执法任务,因此必须造就一支能够依法行政、统一规范、纪律严明的合格的气象行政执法队伍,切实履行好气象部门的行政管理职能。本文通过对石嘴山市县级气象行政执法的分析,找准目前可能普遍存在的,以期能解决县级气象行政执法队伍建设问题。     

《公务员法》视野下的气象行政执法队伍建设

气象行政执法队伍整体素质不高的现实状况使得执法人员能力比较欠缺，并导致执法不作为、执法乱作为等现象的产生，加强气象行政执法队伍建设是改善这种现实状况和发展气象事业的需求。《公务员法》创设了行政执法类职位，为把好气象行政执法队伍的进出关、加强约束与管理、强化激励等，提供了很好的依据和启示。     

防雷执法实践中的几点体会

近几年，嵩县气象局以防雷执法为突破口，带动气象法制工作的全面开展。2000～2003年嵩县局下发防雷《气象行政执法通知书》36件，《气象行政执法处罚告知书》8件，《气象行政执法处罚决定书》2件，法院执行2件。通过气象执法实践活动，提高了党政领导、职能部门、社会各界对气象部门社会管理职能的认知，增强了气象队伍履行社会管理职能的自信心。     

市县联合执法的经验与思考

<正>按照宝鸡市气象局气象行政执法"三化"活动实施方案要求,2014年3月24—28日,凤翔县气象局行政执法人员配合市气象局执法大队赴麟游县开展市县联合气象行政执法检查。市县联合开展气象行政执法的目的是"探索市县两级联合执法机制,弥补气象行政执法的薄弱环节,提高基层执法能力,确保气象行政执法文明、规范、高效,为宝鸡气象事业走在全省前列提供坚强保障。"执法检查的主要内容是"重点检查行     

气象行政执法实践中的问题及对策

气象行政执法工作是气象部门履行行政管理职能的重要途径,是气象法制建设的重要内容。经过十余年实践,气象行政执法工作取得了良好的进展,但仍存在着诸多问题,如个别单位执法治标多治本少,执法人员业务素质不够全面,执法不严,执法行为不规范等。要使气象行政执法工作不断适应新的形势和任务,并取得更大的进步,应致力于强化执法队伍建设,营造良好的气象执法环境,健全适应气象行政执法规律特点的监督机制,加强执法经验交流等。     

加大基层气象行政执法力度管见

从基层气象部门执法中存在的执法人员信心不足而敢依法行政、执法尺度掌握不准，难以适应当地执法环境等实际问题出发，结合武穴市气象局近两年来的气象执法情况，指出了基层气象部门加大行政执法力度应从营造良好的气象执法环境、加强气象执法队伍素质培训、积累执法实践经验等方面抓起。     

气象行政执法文书常见问题及原因分析

结合执法文书展评活动，对气象行政执法文书制作过程中存在的问题进行梳理、总结，分析问题产生的原因，并就如何进一步提高执法文书制作质量进行思考。     

建设全能型行政执法队伍

气象行政执法队伍是气象行业对外工作的窗口,是具体负责实施气象行政处罚的部门,气象主管机构负责监督受委托的组织实施行政处罚行为,并对该行为的后果承担法律责任。在新的形势下气象行政执法队伍要以科学的发展观,构建和谐文明的执法氛围,全力打造气象行业的新形象。加强气象行政执法队伍建设,创建一支高素质的全能型的执法队伍。必须做到严格执法,廉洁执法,文明执法,维护法律的尊严。行政执法工作,离不开人的因素和物的制约,而归根到底是人的因素起作用。保证气象行政执法工作的顺利实施,创造学习型队伍的重点是学习法律、法规、党的方针政策和提高执法业务素质,气象行政执法人员只有学法、懂法才能严格执法,不学法,不懂法,必然是乱执法。这就要求气象行政执法人员不仅要学公共法,还要学习专业法。由于社会主义事业在不断发展,新的事物层出不穷,因而法律、法规、规章要适时修订,特别是把法律、法规、规章的规点运用到具体的人和事上,是一件很不好把握的事情,弄得不好,就会导致事实不清,证据不足,定性不准。因此,在执法实践中应不断提高执法业务素质和工作技能。既要加大行政执法力度,又要遵循公开、公正的原则,做到以事实为依据,以法律为准强,保证证据准绳,程序合法,...     

改进气象行政执法取证工作的思考

对于气象执法来说,怎样实现取证的合法、客观、全面、及时,是确保气象行政执法合法、有效的基础性工作。立足于气象执法实际,对当前气象行政执法取证工作中存在的问题及其原因进行剖析,提出气象行政执法取证工作规范化、制度化和可操作的对策性建议。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...