ECMWF细网格TP产品在北疆降雪天气中的预报性能检验

基于升级后的EC细网格TP降水量预报产品,对北疆2015年17场降雪天气的12h累积降雪量,主要运用平均误差、平均绝对误差和均方根误差进行了检验。结果表明,该模式在北疆降雪天气预报中小雪的预报准确率最高,暴雪最小;预报准确率随时效的延长并非都是减小的;小雪空报率较高、暴雪漏报率较高,中雪和大雪空报率和漏报率都不容忽视;小雪和中雪的3种误差均较小,随时效的延长变化较小;强降雪(大雪及以上量级)的误差较大,随时效的延长有增大的趋势;模式对小雪的预报总体为系统性偏大,对强降雪预报则为明显的系统性偏小,对中雪的预报系统性偏向不稳定。     

ECMWF细网格模式在阿勒泰地区短时强降水环境场预报中的统计检验

利用ECMWF细网格模式产品对阿勒泰地区2013-2018年5-9月36场短时强降水过程的环境场预报性能进行统计学检验。结果表明:48 h预报时效内模式对海平面气压场、2 m温度场和露点温度场、10 m风场,500 hPa高度场、850 hPa温度场和比湿场及对流层风场预报误差较小,精度较高,在预报业务中为首选物理量;对700 hPa相对湿度场和垂直速度场预报误差较大,且以随机误差为主,在预报业务中注意订正运用。     

T639模式在新疆北部暖区强降雪中的预报检验

基于T639模式,针对2009~2014年11月至次年3月发生在新疆北部的13场暖区强降雪天气过程的72 h内预报效果进行统计学和天气学检验分析,建立该模式在新疆北部暖区强降雪天气中的应用模型。结果表明,T639模式对72 h内北疆暖区强降雪天气形势场和对流层低层比湿、水汽通量以及对流层中低层涡度的预报误差较小,精度较高,尤其是48 h内。天气学检验表明,该模式对48h预报时效内850 h Pa水汽通量散度、相对湿度、散度及对流层中低层温度露点差和垂直速度的预报一致性较好,对新疆北部暖区强降雪预报具有较好的指示意义。     

ECMWF细网格模式探空在阿勒泰地区短时强降水预报中的统计检验

采用2013—2018年5—9月ECMWF细网格资料和阿勒泰地区36次短时强降水资料,用Micaps平台的模式探空模块计算T-log P图及其对流参数,运用统计学方法进行了误差检验。结果表明:模式探空T-log P图48 h预报时效内一致性较高(72%),尤其是24 h预报时效内(92%);72 h预报时效内总指数和干暖盖指数及垂直风切变、60 h预报时效内沙氏指数、48 h预报时效内风暴相对螺旋度和36 h预报时效内850与500 hPa温度差、对流温度、最大抬升指数、抬升指数以及24 h预报时效内K指数、700与850 hPa假相当位温差、大风指数等对流参数的3种误差均较小(3.5),相关系数较高(0.60),特别是沙氏指数、K指数、700与850 hPa假相当位温差、垂直风切变和风暴相对螺旋度的3种误差1.5。T-log P图的一致性随时效的延长而减小,对流参数的误差随预报时效的延长变化不一致,在强对流潜势预报业务中注意订正运用。     

ECMWF细网格2米温度在新疆及周边地区的预报效果检验

本文对2013年1～12月ECMWF细网格2米温度在新疆区域的预报效果进行了统计检验。结果表明：ECMWF细网格2米温度预报为系统性偏高,预报效果随预报时效的延长而逐渐变差。三天内温度预报的绝对误差小、预报准确率高,对实际温度预报有很好指导作用;七天内温度预报的绝对误差较小,预报准确率较高,对实际温度预报具有参考价值;八到十天预报误差大、准确率低,对实际温度预报参考价值不大。温度预报精度在蒙古国西部最低,北疆盆地次之,南疆盆地最高。     

ECMWF模式降水预报与极端天气预报指数在暴雨预报中的评估与应用

评估分析了欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)细网格模式(以下简称EC-thin)在长三角地区汛期(5—9月)的暴雨预报评分及ECMWF降水极端天气预报指数(EFI)对暴雨预警的指示作用。研究发现:(1) EC-thin降水和降水EFI对暴雨预报的ETS评分随着预报时效的延长而明显降低,在短时效内,细网格模式降水预报占优,超过60 h后,降水EFI的评分相对更好。(2)对EC-thin降水而言,在不同的预报时效采用不同的降水阈值来预报暴雨,可望达到最佳的评分效果。短期时效内该阈值随着预报时效的延长,大致从55 mm逐渐下降到35 mm。(3)对于降水EFI而言,12—36 h内EFI为0.65～0.7时,暴雨预报ETS评分最高。随着预报时效的延长逐渐下降,60—84 h内EFI为0.55～0.6时,暴雨预报ETS评分最高。(4)在不同预报时效内,采用合理的方式和阈值综合考虑EC-thin降水和降水EFI,可望得到更高的暴雨预报评分。     

ECMWF细网格模式降水产品在北疆暴雪中的应用检验

2012年4月,ECMWF细网格（0.25o×0.25o）数值预报产品投入新疆天气预报业务化应用。本文通过对ECMWF细网格模式LSP大尺度降水预报产品在2012年前冬3场暴雪天气中的预报效果分析检验得出：LSP预报的暴雪量值总体偏小,提前1 d较提前2 d的预报效果有所改善,较早时次的预报结果也有一定的应用价值;暴雪预报的开始时间偏早3h左右,结束时间相对准确;LSP累计降水量级检验提前2 d和分级降水检验提前12 h的暴雪预报准确率较高,空报率较低。在观测站点相对密集的成片暴雪天气中,LSP预报的暴雪落区和量级较为准确,零散暴雪点的预报效果相对较差。检验分析结果可为ECMWF细网格降水预报产品的释用提供一定的参考,为业务人员制作北疆暴雪天气的定点、定时、定量预报提供一定依据。     

ECMWF细网格2 m温度预报产品在南疆西部温度预报中的释用

利用2016年1月1日—2018年12月31日ECMWF细网格模式2 m温度预报产品，使用三次多项式差值方法内插到站点，并用中短期天气预报检验方法，对南疆西部12个国家站与15个区域自动站共27个站的最高、最低气温未来24 h预报效果进行检验分析。结果表明：ECMWF细网格模式2 m温度预报产品对南疆西部非山区站未来24 h最高、最低气温的预报能力较好，对山区站未来24 h预报效果差；对南疆西部最高、最低气温的预报效果随季节变化，夏季预报准确率高于冬季，秋季预报准确率最低；模式最高气温预报准确率在降雪、高温天气时较高，最低气温预报准确率在降雨时较高，在高温过程中较低；模式对于降雨、降雪、大风/沙尘等天气最高气温预报偏低，高温事件中最高气温预报偏高。最低气温预报在降雨、高温天气中偏高，降雪时偏低，大风/沙尘天气最低气温预报偏东地区偏高、偏北地区偏低。降雪、高温天气预报相对降雨、大风/沙尘天气预报效果更稳定。     

ECMWF细网格气温预报产品在宁波的检验和误差分析

针对宁波市326个站点,对空间分辨率为0.125°×0.125°的ECMWF细网格气温模式产品中2019年1月-2021年6月08时和20时2个不同起报场0~72h时效的预报产品进行时空检验和误差分析。结果表明:(1)08时和20时2个不同起报场72h内每天14时的均方根误差和平均绝对值误差最大,20时和08时次之,02时最小;(2)5类土地利用类型中林地的预报气温与地面站点气温的误差最大,水体次之,另3类相差不大;(3)误差空间分布不均匀,沿海地区误差相对较小,西部山区、海曙、奉化等个别站点误差较大;(4)DEM和距海距离与均方根误差和平均绝对误差的相关系数基本为正。     

数值模式对2016年1月世纪寒潮过程的预报能力检验

对比检验了ECMWF和T639对2016年1月23—24日强寒潮天气过程的中期预报能力,表明ECMWF和T639 216h时效500hPa高度场的预报能刻画出西高东低的环流形势,ECMWF预报比实况偏晚,高低压中心比实况偏弱,T639预报比实况偏快,低压中心值比实况偏强,96h时效的高度场预报均基本接近实况。ECMWF 168h时效850hPa冷中心强度、气温梯度与实况相等,冷中心比实况偏东5个经度,T639 144h时效气温梯度比实况偏小,冷中心比实况偏东5个经度,48h时效的预报均与实况非常接近,等温线重合度很高。ECMWF 192h时效的海平面气压场冷高压中心位置及中心强度与实况一致,只是1060hPa及以上的区域比实况偏小。T639 192h时效的海平面气压场冷高压中心比实况偏南7个纬度,中心强度比实况偏强2.5 hPa,等压线走向及梯度与实况类似。24h内短期时效对比检验T639、ECMWF、山东WRF确定性预报（EnWRF）、WRF集合不同分位数的最低气温、最大风力和降水预报可知,WRF集合最小值预报最低气温评分最高,WRF集合较大值对大风力的预报准确率最高,Japan模式对降水落区预报较好,EnWRF很好地预报了较强降水区域,T639和ECMWF细网格对2mm降雪量预报效果较好。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia

The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China.     

<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>

<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p>     

THE INFLUENCES OF SSTA OVER KUROSHIO AND ITS EXTENSION ON RAINFALL IN NORTHEAST CHINA UNDER THE BACKGROUND OF TWO DIFFERENT EL NIO CASES

By using the gauged rainfall in 160 stations within mainland China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the impacts of anomalous SST in Kuroshio and its extension on precipitation in Northeast China were investigated. The results show that a difference in the meridional circulation such as the East Asia/Pacific teleconnection pattern(EAP)may be responsible for the difference in rainfall between 1998 and 2010. In comparison with 1998, the anomalous meridional circulation pattern in 2010 shifted northeastward, and then the western subtropical high, the mid-latitudinal trough and the northeastern Asia blocking high also shifted northeastward, causing intensified convergence of the cold and warm air masses at the southern region and thus more rainfall in the southwestern region and less in the northwestern region. In 1998, the anomalous cyclone, one component of the meridional pattern, located at the Songhuajiang-Nengjiang River basin, resulted in more rainfall in the majority of the area. The results of observation and the model show that the difference in SSTA in Kuroshio and its extension under the background of different El Ni觡o events is the key point:(1) The anomalous warmth moved westward from the mid-Pacific to the east of the Philippine Sea during the central event, which led the heat resources shifting to the northeast in 2010; subsequently, a shift occurred to the north of the anomalous ascent and decent, followed by a warm SSTA in the region of Kuroshio's extension in 2010 and Kuroshio in 1998.(2) The warm SSTA in the Kuroshio extension causing the Rossby wave activity flux strengthened in 2010, and then the westerly jet shifted northward and extended eastward. A warm SSTA in Kuroshio and cold SSTA in its extension in 1998 caused the westerly jet to shift southward and weaken. As a result,the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone shifted northward in 2010, and the blocking high also shifted northward.     

Land-use and sustainability under intersecting global change and domestic policy scenarios: Trajectories for Australia to 2050

Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future.     

碳交易政策的经济影响:以广东省为例

通过构建广东省两区域动态模型,对广东省碳交易及其他政策措施进行定量评估,分析实施可调控总量的碳交易政策机制对广东省及参与交易部门的经济影响。研究结果表明,按照减排情景到2015年广东完成19.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景,GDP将减少0.7%;按照强减排情景到2015年将完成20.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景GDP将减少0.9%;如果在强减排情景的基础上实施碳交易政策,GDP相对基准情景减少0.8%,到2015年实施碳交易政策可减少GDP损失约90亿元,说明广东建立碳排放权交易机制能够发挥支持经济发展和节能减碳双赢的作用。     

Characterization and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in urban and suburban Tianjin,China

Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China, and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes. This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds(VOCs), which are ozone precursors, to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the Ha Chi(Haze in China) summer campaign in 2009. A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv, respectively. Of those, 51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization. The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities, which specifically contributed 60% to urban and 42% to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin. Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas, although the contribution of industry in the suburban area(36%) was much higher than that at the urban area(16%). We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction, and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life, especially in suburban areas.