ECMWF细网格模式在北疆降雪预报中的统计检验

采用ECMWF细网格模式产品,对发生在北疆2015年1月—2017年4月共20场降雪天气过程进行统计学检验。结果表明,48 h预报时效内ECMWF细网格模式对形势场、850h Pa比湿、对流层位涡及对流层低层u、v风场预报误差较小,精度较高;对流层中低层垂直速度和相对湿度及300 hPa u、v风场的系统性误差较小,随机误差相对较大,并建立了ECMWF细网格模式48 h预报时效内在北疆降雪天气预报中的应用模型;模式对新疆北部暖区降雪的各量级预报随时效的延长准确率并非减小,尤其是中雪;72 h预报时效内,模式对12 h累计降雪量为小雪和中雪的预报相对较稳定,强降雪的误差较大,随时效的延长并非呈增大的趋势;在预报业务中注意订正应用。     

T639模式对新疆北部暖区强降雪过程的预报效果检验

利用T639模式降水产品资料,对2009—2014年11月至次年3月新疆北部阿勒泰地区15次暖区强降雪过程中的预报效果进行了分析与检验。结果表明:T639模式对阿勒泰地区暴雪的预报性能好于大雪,其中12—24 h预报准确率最高,而60 h预报准确率随时效延长而降低,漏报率随时效延长无明显的变化规律,空报率在60 h时效内随时效延长而明显升高,且明显高于漏报率;相对于暖区强降雪发生频率较低的站,暖区强降雪发生频率较高的站其大(暴)雪预报准确率较高;T639模式在暖区强降雪预报中存在明显的系统性偏大,48 h预报时效内T639模式降水预报产品在该区暖区强降雪中具有一定的参考价值;T639模式降水产品对短波低槽型暖区强降雪的预报能力较差,而对低涡型暖区强降雪的预报能力较好;造成该模式降水产品在阿勒泰地区预报效果不同的重要原因是其对水汽通量散度和垂直速度的预报存在误差。     

ECMWF对广安地区晴雨预报性能检验及订正方法分析

为了解ECMWF高分辨率数值预报模式(以下简称"EC")对广安地区晴雨预报性能,分析订正方法,提高预报质量,对2015—2017年广安地区72 h内的EC晴雨预报进行预报性能检验。结果表明:72 h内EC晴雨预报准确率整体较高,空报率是影响预报准确率的主要因素;预报准确率夜间高于白天,空报率夜间低于白天,且随着时间的延长,准确率呈下降趋势,空报率呈上升趋势;漏报率低,且无明显的时效变化。根据订正指标进行订正预报,平均准确率为79.2%～84.0%,较未订正前上升5.3%～21.5%,具有较高的参考价值。     

1961—2019年北疆冬季不同等级降雪变化特征

利用1961—2019年冬季北疆45个国家站逐日降水观测资料,采用统计分析方法,对不同等级降雪的气候变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:近59 a北疆降雪日数、降雪量、降雪强度分别以0.41 d/10 a、3.13 mm/10 a、0.15(mm·d~(-1))/10 a的速率增加,其中降雪量对全年降水量的贡献以1.3%/10 a的速率增长。降雪日数、降雪量主要表现为中雪和大雪的增加,降雪强度主要表现为暴雪强度的增加。小雪对降雪日数、降雪量的贡献呈减少趋势,其余等级为增加趋势,以中雪降雪日和大雪降雪量的贡献最为明显。北疆降雪日数仅在1月表现为减少趋势,主要是小雪日数显著减少;冬季各月降雪量均表现为增加趋势,主要是中雪和大雪降雪量显著增加。21世纪前10 a是降雪日数和降雪量最多的时期,20世纪60年代和21世纪10年代是降雪日数较少的时期。北疆降雪量在1985年发生突变,突变后年平均降雪量增加了12.4 mm。对比丰雪年和枯雪年,丰雪年降雪量偏多主要是小雪以上等级降雪日数的增多。     

1970—2019年内蒙古大兴安岭林区降雪特征分析

基于1970—2019年内蒙古大兴安岭林区11个气象站逐日降水量和温度资料, 提取降雪数据, 采用趋势分析法、距平法、M-K突变法、滑动t检验法等, 分析了大兴安岭林区降雪的时空变化特征。结果表明: 大兴安岭林区总降雪量和各等级降雪量均呈增加趋势, 其中小雪和暴雪的降雪量增加趋势较小; 小雪和中雪量在21世纪00年代达到最大值, 大雪和暴雪量在21世纪10年代达到最大值; 各等级降雪量对总降水量的贡献率为小雪>中雪>大雪>暴雪; 各等级降雪量年内月变化均呈M型分布, 总降雪量高峰出现在11月; 总降雪量在1995年有显著突变, 小雪、中雪、大雪、暴雪降雪量无显著突变年份。空间上总降雪量和各等级降雪量(除暴雪外)大体呈北多南少、西多东少的变化趋势。大兴安岭林区降雪初始日呈延后趋势, 终止日呈提前趋势, 雪季长度呈每10 a缩短2.3 d的趋势。     

浙江省六大水库流域面雨量模式预报效果检验

利用OCF(Objective Consensus Forecasting)模式对2014年浙江省梅雨、8月连阴雨、午后雷阵雨和台风降水4种不同降水过程中六大水库流域面雨量进行预报,并采用综合评分法和TS评分法对预报效果进行检验。结果表明:OCF模式对2014年浙江地区锋面降水(梅雨、8月连阴雨)预报的综合模糊评分和TS评分均较好,空报率远高于漏报率,从192 h至24 h预报时效的预报效果缓慢调整,各水库之间预报效果差异较小;OCF模式对午后雷阵雨预报的综合模糊评分和TS评分较好,空报率较高的水库流域漏报率也偏高,从192 h至24 h预报时效预报效果不稳定,且存在显著的地域差异;OCF模式对台风降水预报的综合模糊评分和TS评分均偏低,空报率高于漏报率,从192 h至24 h预报时效为显著调好趋势,各水库之间预报效果差异较大。     

T639模式降水预报产品在毕节市的检验和分析

分析毕节本站2013年6月1日至2014年7月10日逐日降水概况,利用毕节本站逐日降水资料对T639模式降水预报产品进行本地化检验,结果表明:T639模式降水预报产品在毕节各检验时段内的晴雨预报准确率较不高,在45-50%之间;但随着预报时效延长,其准确率仍能稳定维持。通过对T639模式降水预报空报率和漏报率的统计分析,发现在毕节T639模式降水预报出现的错误以空报为主;并通过定量分析,得出当T639模式降水在毕节预报小雨量级的降水时,出现空报的概率最高。     

2008年1月洛阳持续低温降雪天气综合分析

利用常规天气资料、数值预报产品分析了2008年1月中旬洛阳市出现的低温、雨雪天气过程,结果表明:青藏高原东侧异常活跃的西南气流源源不断向东输送是降雪的主要水汽来源,中低层切变线和低压环流是产生降雪的主要影响系统,贝加尔湖西南侧的冷空气分股扩散南下为降雪提供了有利条件;冷高压的轴向、强度及位置与低温及降雪的持续时间关系密切;中低层西南风速辐合、切变线及冷空气的位置可反映出强降雪的落区.欧洲数值预报产品对降雪的开始、结束时间预报较好,对持续的低温天气趋势预报较成功;日本传真降水预报08时12 h、72 h和20时36 h准确率最高,漏报率相对大于空报率;T213预报24 h降水、日本格点预报12-24 h降水、德国预报36-72 h降水准确率较高,有一定的参考价值,但空报率大于漏报率,预报量级偏大概率较大.     

WRF模式对焦作2008年汛期降水的检验

利用WRF模式2008年6-8月逐日降水预报产品资料,对焦作7站降水预报进行分月分时段的统计检验,结果表明:WRF模式对焦作市0-12 h的晴雨预报能力最强,各月各站均在71%以上,其中6月最高,有6站准确率均在80%以上;12-24 h平均晴雨准确率大部分站都在65%左右.对降水的定量、定性预报能力,前12 h明显优于后12 h;对小雨、中雨预报效果较好,对大雨也有一定的预报能力;对暴雨降水预报能力较差,空报率、漏报率较高.总体看来,模式的空报率、漏报率较高,且空报率大于漏报率.     

营口大风雪寒潮综合预报系统

一、大风雪标准和天气气候概况 1.大风雪标准本系统把降雪分为暴雪、大雪、中雪、小—中雪、小雪及无雪等六级进行预报。各级标准如下。 (1)暴雪:①凡日雪量≥10.0毫米;②两日雪量之和(一次过程)≥14.0毫米,同时积雪深度≥10厘米;③雨夹雪日量≥10.0毫米,同时雪深≥10厘米。上述三个条件合乎其一者定为暴雪日。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.