一次入海气旋快速发展的动力和热力学特征分析

利用扩展Zwack-Okossi方程(扩展Z-O方程)对2007年3月3-5日黄、渤海海上快速发展的温带气旋进行了诊断分析。结果表明,潜热释放和暖平流在气旋发展初期起主要作用,潜热释放是气旋接近爆发性发展的最主要强迫项,这与以往研究的主要受涡度平流强迫的中国沿海温带气旋不同,说明在中国近海快速发展的一部分温带气旋主要是由潜热释放项强迫的。绝对涡度平流在气旋发展后期才成为主要强迫项。进一步利用MM5模式模拟了潜热释放的作用以及其他一些影响气旋发展的因素,海表面热通量、水汽通量以及气旋路径上的地形对这次气旋的发展有积极贡献,但作用相对潜热释放较小。由于这种在中国近海接近爆发性发展的温带气旋容易造成风暴潮,因此利用动能方程对气旋发展中期的渤海大风进行了诊断分析。结果表明,动能水平平流是动能增加的主要作用项,但动能达到最大值后渤海海域的动能主要由有效位能转换和动量下传提供。     

Numerical simulations on the explosive cyclogenesis over the kuroshio current

In this paper, the Pennsylvania State University-NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM4) is used to investigate the explosive oceanic cyclone of 14-15 March 1988 over the warm Kuroshio Current. A series of numerical simulations on this cyclogenesis indicates that the favorable weather condi-tions and strong baroclinity in the low- and middle-level are essential to its explosive development. The explosive cyclogenesis occurred over a wide range of sea surface temperatures (SST’s), which was then characterized by strong baroclinity, the low-level jet (LLJ) was initially formed under the favorable atmospheric circulation and then this LLJ advected the moisture and heat northward for the explosive development of the cyclone, the LLJ played an important role in the process of cyclogenesis. Sensitivity experiments show that the latent heating was a key factor to explosive cyclogenesis, the latent heating deepened the short-wave trough, which resulted in the rapid intensification of the cyclone; while in the explosive intensification stage and continuous de-velopment stage, there was less contribution of local surface processes for the explosion of the cy?clone.     

2018年1月北大西洋上一个具有“T”型锋面结构的超强爆发性气旋的分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）提供的0.5°×0.5° ERA-Interim再分析资料，麦迪逊-威斯康星大学气象卫星研究所（CIMSS）提供的地球静止环境业务卫星（GOES-EAST）红外卫星云图和天气预报模式（WRF）的模拟结果，对2018年1月3—6日发生在北大西洋上的一个具有“T”型（T-bone）锋面结构的超强爆发性气旋进行分析。该爆发性气旋在较暖的湾流上空生成，沿海表面温度大值区向东北方向快速移动，生成后6 h内爆发性发展，24 h中心气压降低48.7 hPa。高空槽加深、涡度平流加强和低层较强的大气斜压性为气旋快速发展提供了有利的环流背景场。由于气旋发展迅速，低层相对涡度急剧增大，低压中心南部来自西北方向的干冷空气随气旋式环流快速向东推进，与东南暖湿气流汇合，锋生作用较强。较暖的洋面对西北冷空气的加热作用使得交汇的冷、暖空气温度梯度较小。减弱东移的冷锋与暖锋逐渐形成近似垂直的“T”型结构。用Zwack-Okossi方程诊断分析表明，非绝热加热、温度平流和正涡度平流是该爆发性气旋发展的主要影响因子。气旋初始爆发阶段，西北冷空气进入温暖的洋面，海洋对上层大气感热输送和潜热释放较强，非绝热加热对气旋快速发展有较大贡献。气旋进一步发展，“T”型锋面结构显著，温度平流净贡献较大，对气旋的发展和维持起重要作用。      

气溶胶对热带气旋强度及电过程影响的数值模拟研究

将详细的气溶胶活化方案和非感应起电参数化方案耦合到WRF模式的Morrison微物理方案中,在此基础上模拟了理想的热带气旋个例,讨论了气溶胶对热带气旋强度及电活动的影响。研究发现气溶胶对热带气旋强度和电活动的影响在不同发展阶段是不同的。在热带气旋发展阶段,气溶胶增加使云内的云滴数浓度增加,云滴尺度降低,抑制了暖雨过程,未降落的小云滴粒子上升到冻结层之上,冻结形成了更多的冰相粒子,冻结过程释放潜热,激发云系对流发展,使热带气旋强度增强,电活动更为剧烈。而在热带气旋成熟阶段,污染个例中的冰相粒子降落,形成更多的降水,降水粒子在下落过程中对上升气流产生拖曳作用,抑制对流强度。降水粒子在海平面蒸发吸收了大量潜热,使该区域温度降低,这也阻碍了外部暖湿能量向内输送,抑制了对流发展,从而使热带气旋强度降低。而由于污染个例中的冰粒子较少,参与起电过程的冰粒子减少,热带气旋的电活动强度降低。     

黄河气旋暴雨过程发展演变成因分析

2016年7月19-21日华北地区出现了一次影响范围广、累积雨量大、持续时间长、局地雨强大的极端强降水过程,强度仅次于1963年8月8-9日极端降水事件,河北多地及北京的降水总量和持续时间超过2012年"7·21"特大暴雨。本文利用地面自动气象站、气象卫星以及NCEP再分析等资料对导致此次特大暴雨的环流配置尤其是黄河气旋的发生发展等特征进行分析。结果发现,深厚的华北低涡、与低涡相联系的西风槽、副热带高压以及低涡诱发的黄河气旋是此次暴雨的直接影响系统。副高的阻挡使得气旋移动缓慢,且移动过程中两次呈现逆时针旋转路径。地面气旋中心总是沿中低层暖平流和其下游高低层正涡度平流之差较大的区域移动。同时,由于降水产生的凝结潜热释放和上升运动产生的正反馈作用,引导气旋向上升运动强的地方移动。强降水造成的潜热反馈对低层位涡增长起了重要的作用,有利于地面黄河气旋系统生成。同时,高空高位涡沿等熵面下传与低空系统耦合,并与地面气旋上空的暖平流成正反馈作用,进而导致地面黄河气旋迅速发展。卫星水汽图像水汽暗区的干带具有高位涡特征,将其与高层位涡场结合分析,有助于在水汽图像上对高空动力特征的发展演变进行判断,为温带气旋的监测提供参考。     

位涡扰动与气旋的发展

通过对1991－07－05T08－07－06－T20江淮流域的一次气旋发生发展过程的分析，讨论了在气旋发展的不同阶段高低层位涡场分布及垂直结构的演变特征，并从气旋发展过程中的凝结潜热释放着手，研究了高低层位涡场之间的联系。结果表明，潜热的释放将促使高层的高位涡向下传输，导致低层气旋加深发展，并进而讨论了江淮气旋发展的一种可能机制。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE IMPACTS OF SEA SPRAY ON TROPICAL CYCLONES

The latest version of sea spray flux parameterization scheme developed by Andreas is coupled with the PSU/NCAR model MM5 in this paper. A western Pacific tropical cyclone named Nabi in 2005 is simulated using this coupled air-sea spray modeling system to study the impacts of sea spray evaporation on the evolution of tropical cyclones. The results demonstrate that sea spray can lead to a significant increase of heat fluxes in the air-sea interface, especially the latent heat flux, the maximum of which can increase by up to about 35% - 80% The latent heat flux seems to be more important than the sensible heat flux for the evolution of tropical cyclones. Regardless of whether sea spray fluxes have been considered, the model can always simulate the track of Nabi well, which seems to indicate that sea spray has little impact on the movement of tropical cyclones. However, with sea spray fluxes taken into account in the model, the intensity of a simulated tropical cyclone can have significant increase. Due to the enhancement of water vapor and heat from the sea surface to the air caused by sea spray, the warm core structure is better-defined, the minimum sea level pressure decreases and the vertical speed is stronger around the eye in the experiments, which is propitious to the development and evolution of tropical cyclones.     

春季江淮气旋发展的诊断研究

本文在等熵面上对１９９６年４月２８日－３０日发生在江淮地区的气旋作了分析和诊断研究。     

The rapid growth and decay of severe cyclone JAL (2010) over the Bay of Bengal

This study investigates the life cycle of Bay of Bengal cyclone JAL, characterized by a rapid fluctuation in its intensity during 60-h interval. The cyclone JAL underwent a period of rapid intensification during 24-h from 0000 UTC 05 November to 0000 UTC 06 November 2010. It was quasi-static during subsequent 24 h followed by a 12-h period of unusually rapid decay. During the rapid cyclogenesis phase, the system intensified (by 25 kt) from deep depression (DD) to severe cyclonic storm (SCS) and weakened (by 30 kt) from SCS to DD during the 12-h period of rapid cyclolysis. European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model analysis field is used to analyze the Q vectors, K index and potential vorticity (PV) to diagnose the life cycle of this unusual cyclone. The analysis reveals that the 500–700 hPa column-averaged Q-vector convergence above the surface cyclone had strengthened and very high values of the K index produced a burst of heavy precipitation during the development stage of the cyclone. The associated latent heat release produced a substantial diabatic positive PV anomaly in the lower and middle troposphere that caused rapid cyclogenesis. The rapid cyclolysis is coincident with the weakening of the upper and lower PV anomalies and the westward shearing of the upper PV from the cyclone centre. Thus, the very latent heat release that assisted the rapid development of the cyclone also played an important role in its subsequent rapid decay. ECMWF model forecast for track and intensity is also verified.     

海洋半热带气旋生成机制的个例分析

作者对１９８２年８月２５日发生于黄海南部的一次特殊风暴过程进行了较深入的分析。这是一次直接生成于较高纬度洋面风雨都颇为严重的海洋热带气旋。对流层高层辐射、正涡度平流输送及低空东南急流是系统得以生成发展的机制，对流释放的凝结潜热对其进一步发展加强有重要贡献。