西安近63年气候变化特征综合分析

根据西安1951—2013年气温、降水,1971—2013年浅层地温,1981—2013年深层地温资料,采用线性倾向率、Mann-Kendall等方法分析西安气候变化。结果表明:1)西安近63a气温增温明显,降水缓慢波动下降;各层年平均地温呈升温趋势,160cm升温最大,15cm升幅最小。2)年及四季平均气温除夏季在20世纪70—80年代呈下降趋势,其余各年代际均呈上升趋势,21世纪后升温最为迅速;各年代际降水呈显著波动趋势。3)西安气候变暖主要表现在春、冬季;四季降水均有所减少,夏、秋两季降水量占年降水量的70%以上,主导年降水量的变化。4)西安年平均气温、地温20世纪90年代发生升温突变,与城市化快速发展时期相吻合。     

北方农牧交错带中部区域气候变化特征

分析北方农牧交错带中部区域1951-2005年温度、降水的变化特征,结果表明,研究区近55 a的气温和降水具有如下特征：1）增温明显,气温变率为0.4℃/10 a,不同季节增温幅度以冬、春、夏、秋依次递减;2）降水变化可分为3个阶段：20世纪50-60年代降水量呈减少趋势,70-80年代处于较平稳的过渡期,90年代以来降水量又呈现增加趋势。夏季降水与年降水变化趋势类似,秋季与冬季降水波动较小,基本保持平稳。研究区高温、干旱有所加强,暴雨、低温事件减少。     

日喀则近53年气候变化特征分析

利用线性趋势函数及Mann-Kendall突变检测分析法,分析了西藏藏南河谷日喀则气象站气温及降水近53年的气候变化特征。结果表明,年平均气温与极端气温均呈上升趋势,而最高气温的上升趋势尤为明显,年降水量波动上升。冬春季增温趋势较秋、夏季更为明显,春夏季降水呈增加趋势,而秋季降水略有减少。Mann-Kendall突变检测表明,近53年日喀则地区气温有明显的增暖趋势,但20世纪60—70年代变冷趋势亦十分显著,在2001年温度发生一次突变。年降水量在1958年发生了由少向多的突变,但这一突变仅维持到20世纪60年代中期。     

达州近50年气候变化特征分析

采用气候倾向率和趋势系数方法对达州6个气象站1960年以来气温、降水资料进行统计分析,结果表明：（1）1960年以来达州市年平均气温呈小幅上升的趋势,冬、春、秋三季增温,而夏季降温,气温年较差减小。20世纪80年代降温显著,90年代以后气温明显上升。（2）降水量趋势性变化不显著,总体呈略为增加的趋势。春、秋季降水减少,冬、夏季降水增多。近几年强降水频发,同时出现严重干旱。降水的相对集中和气温的升高,将导致干旱和洪涝发生的强度加重。     

近40 a石河子地区气候暖湿化特征分析

分析了40 a气温、降水及干旱指数的变化特征,结果表明:(1)近40 a石河子地区平均温度以0.3℃/10 a趋势上升,和全疆变化一致;该地区年、冬季、夏季气温总体呈上升趋势,20世纪60~70年代年、冬季、夏季气温呈降低的趋势,80~90年代气温呈增加趋势,80年代冬季升温比夏季升温明显,而90年代夏季升温比冬季明显。(2)降水总体趋势上升,降水增长率为12.5 mm/10 a,90年代平均降水比30 a均值偏多20.8%。(3)年平均干旱指数总体呈下降趋势,但趋势不明显,其减少率为-0.3/10 a。(4)石河子地区的温度、降水及干旱指数用M ann-kendall方法检验分别在不同年份发生了不同程度的突变。结果指出,石河子地区气候正在趋于暖、湿化,这对于本区绿洲的发展具有有利的一面。     

气候变暖背景下六盘水近58a气候变化特征分析

利用1961—2018年六盘水市观测站的气温、降水、日照时数等气象资料,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,分析了六盘水市近58 a的气候变化特征,结果表明:六盘水市近58 a来年平均气温、各季平均气温、极端最高气温及最低气温均呈升高趋势,秋季增温趋势最明显,20世纪60-90年代六盘水年和各季的平均气温相对偏低,90年代以后逐渐升高,1999年前后年平均气温发生了突变。六盘水市春、夏、秋季及年降水呈减少趋势,冬季则呈增多趋势。六盘水市降水主要集中在5-9月,夏季降水量最多,冬季最少。六盘水市年及各季的日照时数均呈减少趋势,夏季日照时数减少更显著;春季和夏季日照时数较多,冬季日照时数最少;日照时数8月最多,1月最少。     

1958—2007年天津降水量和降水日数变化特征

采用1958—2007年天津逐日降水观测数据,探讨降水变化特征。结果表明：近50 a来天津年降水量和年降水日数总体减少,二者每10 a分别减少8.9 mm和4.1 d,其中年降水日数的减少比年降水量的减少显著;四季中,夏冬季降水量明显减少而春秋季呈增加趋势,四季的降水日数均减少;年降水日数在1980年前后有一次明显突变,夏季降水量和春夏秋的降水日数在20世纪70年代和80年代均存在一次明显突变。降水日数和降水量的不同步变化反映发生极端降水事件的概率增加,这对农业生产和生态环境不利。     

关中夏玉米生育期气象干旱特征分析

利用1971—2012年宝鸡、泾阳、武功、长安、临潼、渭南、大荔7个地面气象观测站点逐日降水、标准化降水指数(ISP30、ISP60、ISP90)、和相对湿度指数(IM30)计算关中夏玉米生育期逐日有效降水和改进的综合气象干旱指数,采用趋势分析、滑动t检验及相关数理统计法分析了近42a关中夏玉米生育期干旱时空分布特征。结果表明:夏玉米生育期有效降水量总体表现出不稳定性,播种至出苗有效降水变化量最大;20世纪90年代初夏玉米生育期有效降水发生由多到少的突变,2002年出现由少到多的转变;7月上旬至8月下旬是夏玉米干旱多发时段;轻旱发生频率最高,为51.7%,发生频率随着干旱等级加重而逐渐降低;20世纪90年代是干旱多发且较为严重阶段,干旱过程累积强度强,且持续时间长,进入21世纪以后有减少趋势;关中西部干旱日呈减少趋势,东部呈增加趋势,有效降水量与干旱日变化相反,关中西部有效降水量呈增加趋势,东部有减少趋势。     

达州近50年气候变化特征分析

采用气候倾向率和趋势系数方法对达州6个气象站1960年以来气温、降水资料进行统计分析,结果表明:(1)1960年以来达州市年平均气温呈小幅上升的趋势,冬、春、秋三季增温,而夏季降温,气温年较差减小。20世纪80年代降温显著,90年代以后气温明显上升。(2)降水量趋势性变化不显著,总体呈略为增加的趋势。春、秋季降水减少,冬、夏季降水增多。近几年强降水频发,同时出现严重干旱。降水的相对集中和气温的升高,将导致干旱和洪涝发生的强度加重。     

天津滨海区50年局地气候变化特征

利用1951～2000年天津滨海新区的气象资料，分析了50年来气温、降水、日照的变化特征，结果显示天津滨海新区年、冬季、夏季气温均呈上升趋势，20世纪50～80年代冬季增温强于夏季，90年代则夏季升温最为明显；降水总体趋势下降，90年代降到50年来的最小值；年平均日照时数也呈总体下降趋势，90年代下降最为显著。表明天津滨海新区气候正在趋向变暖，特别是近10年来气温急剧升高，降水量锐减、日照时数明显减少，使得高温、干旱、少日照成为天津滨海新区气候的突出问题。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on