用GMS5卫星反演水汽场分析中国西北地区大气水汽分布的气候特征

卫星遥感资料具有反演大气水汽含量的能力.由于山区降水一般随高度增加,而海拔高的地区大气柱的厚度比海拔低的地区薄,整层水汽含量少,使得大气总水汽含量与降水的分布在复杂地形情况下不吻合.为此,引入用卫星反演的单位大气柱水汽含量,较好地反映了降水的空间分布特征.分析结果表明,在云水条件上,西北地区东部具备了较好的实施人工增雨(雪)的条件,尤其在春、夏季,实施人工增雨(雪)的云水条件更加优越.     

一次西风槽过程过冷云水分布特征观测研究

过冷云水生消演变规律是云物理学和人工影响天气的重要研究领域。根据Hobbs 1974年提出的假定,利用飞机、卫星、雷达和雨量计等观测资料,对2012年9月21日河北一次西风槽天气过程进行观测研究,分析其过冷云水分布特征及演变规律。结果表明,槽前云系过冷水区宽厚并且过冷水含量较高,云滴浓度和均立方根直径较大并且均匀,冷云区厚而且没有分层,没有暖云配合;近槽云系中冷云区小粒子浓度降低但云滴直径增大,冷云区夹有干层,云系变厚出现暖云配合,冷暖云液态水含量较高,冷暖云区大粒子和降水粒子浓度和尺度增大,中尺度云团移动较快;槽后云系中云滴浓度最大,但云滴均立方根直径明显减小,过冷水区出现的高度下降、厚度很薄、过冷水含量较低,冷、暖云之间有干层,暖云对应的大粒子浓度和降水粒子浓度非常大,地面降水主要由暖云过程产生;云水(过冷水)含量峰值常出现在云内逆温层的上方;利用云粒子测量系统(PMS)资料分析过冷云水生消演变特征与卫星和雷达资料具有较高的一致性。     

探空资料在微波辐射计资料处理中的应用

本文介绍了在微波辐射计资料处理中探空资料的选取及处理方法,水汽和云水含量的计算,判云标准的建立和理论亮温的计算。交叉反演系数选择的反演方法大大提高了反演精度和资料处理的全天候能力。     

先进技术微波探测仪(ATMS)云液态水路径算法评估

云液态水路径是气候和天气系统分析的重要参数,可以从卫星观测资料反演获得.目前,基于卫星微波探测仪器观测资料的云水算法可由23.8和31.4 GHz两个通道产生.本研究使用先进技术微波探测仪(ATMS)观测数据,对物理和经验两种算法反演出的云液态水路径进行验证评估.结果表明,经验算法和物理算法都可以描述云液态水在全球洋面...     

中国地区夏季6～8月云水含量的垂直分布特征

基于观测资料的夏季云水含量时空分布情况对于数值天气预报、气候预测以及人工影响天气试验都十分重要。本文利用CloudSat卫星资料, 分析了2006～2008年中国地区夏季月平均云水含量的垂直和区域变化特征。结果显示, 青藏高原地形以及东亚夏季风对月平均云含水量分布具有明显影响。中国中部纬度上对流层中层的月平均液态水含量比南部及北部的量值大。各月平均云液水含量垂直廓线存在两个不同高度上的峰值区, 原因可能主要是受大尺度参数的控制, 以及受到青藏高原和东亚季风环流的影响。平均冰水含量纬向垂直分布的高值区主要在对流层中上部。本文中所揭示的云水含量特征为天气和气候模式改进、人工影响天气及云—辐射相互作用提供了重要的基础信息。     

西南地区不同类型云的云水含量时空分布和变化趋势

利用NASA/CERES发布的L3级云资料,选取西南地区(云南、贵州、四川、重庆)2001~2010年水高层云、水雨层云、水层积云、水层云的云水含量数据,研究了该区域4种类型云的年和季节云水含量时空分布特征和变化趋势。结果表明:(1)4种类型云的年和季节云水含量均在海拔低的地方偏多,海拔高的地方偏少。重庆、贵州云水含量高于云南、四川;(2)水雨层云年和季节云水含量最大,其次为水层云和水高层云,水层积云云水含量最少;(3)近10 a来,整个西南地区4种类型云的年平均云水含量均呈递减趋势;(4)4种类型云的云水含量秋季高于春季;(5)春季,中云(水高层云、水雨层云)云水含量既有增加区域,也有减少区域,低云(水层积云、水层云)云水含量呈递减趋势;秋季,中云、低云云水含量均为递减趋势;水雨层云和水层云年和季节云水含量的递减趋势最显著。     

风云静止卫星资料在一次暴雨云分析中的应用

基于LAPS系统和WRF模式,开展卫星、雷达、探空、地面等多源观测资料融合同化对暴雨过程云结构和模式模拟效果分析研究。介绍了卫星等观测资料在LAPS云分析和湿度分析中的应用方法,根据融合同化观测资料种类设计数值试验方案,研究我国风云卫星资料在LAPS云分析系统中的作用。结果表明,风云静止卫星图像资料的融合可明显改善暴雨过程LAPS云顶高度及总云量等二维云结构分析,并订正中高层及云顶的云量、云水、云冰、云分类等三维云结构的垂直分布,可描述暴雨过程三维云结构的发展演变特征。融合雷达回波资料可调整中低层三维云结构,并分析出雨水和雪等水物质参数。LAPS系统融合同化的观测资料越多,湿度场误差越小,可改进模式对强降水区的模拟,提高降水TS评分。     

近20年青藏高原云分布特征及云参数时空变化分析

准确估算云量是了解青藏高原云参数时空特征的基础。通过相关分析、回归分析、趋势分析方法,分析了近21年来青藏高原云分布的动态变化。利用MODIS云量日产品（MOD08＿D3）数据和ERA5再分析资料,分析了青藏高原不同阶段云量分布和云参数的时空特征。结果表明,高云区云量中心位于墨脱县（77.3%）,林芝（72.5%）地区云量最大,青藏高原日平均云量在过去21年间减少了0.04%。季节分布上,夏季出现水云的概率最高（31.7%）,春季出现冰云的概率最高（26.5%）。每年出现的冰云比水云高2%左右。在全球变暖背景下,青藏高原上空水汽含量呈减少趋势,云水含量呈逐渐增加趋势。年平均云水含量比大气总水汽含量高约0.01 cm,云水总含量增加约0.04 cm。本研究为理解云水资源对全球气候变化和青藏高原地区水循环的影响提供了依据。     

Characterization of cloud microphysical properties in different cloud types over East Asia based on CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite products

利用CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星资料,本文揭示了东亚三个代表性区域的云微物理属性,为评估和改进模式云微物理过程提供重要的观测基础.研究的云微物理量包括云水/冰质量,数浓度和有效半径.研究表明:暖云中云水质量和数浓度随高度增加而减小,有效半径处于8-14μm范围.对于冰云,云冰质量和有效半径随高度增加而减小,而数浓度在垂直方向上变化不大.此外,云微物理属性在不同云型之间存在显著差异:积云的云水质量和数浓度最大,而卷云的云水质量和数浓度最小.从三个区域的对比结果来看,相比于华东和西北太平洋地区,青藏高原地区暖云的云水质量和数浓度较小,而冰云的则较大.     

热带测雨卫星综合探测结果之"云娜"台风降水云与非降水云特征

为了解降水云与非降水云相应的微波信号、云水、雨水及潜热特征,文中利用热带测雨卫星搭载的测雨雷达、微波成像仪及红外辐射计探测的匹配融合结果,就2004年8月“云娜”台风进行了个例分析研究。结果表明:“云娜”台风过程中深厚降水云占79%,中云和低云降水仅分别占10.6%和10.4%;非降水低云所占比例最大(45.5%),高云其次(34.1%)。降水云中大粒子居多,非降水云粒子有效半径分布宽。深厚降水云中冰、水含量成正比;中等厚度降水云中的冰含量相对稳定,但液态水含量变化大;深厚和中等厚度非降水云中的冰、水含量皆成反比。对降水率、气柱潜热、气柱云水和云冰沿台风径向分布的分析结果发现,台风生成前的低压中心附近降水率和气柱总潜热比随后时次均大,表明降水释放潜热对“云娜”台风的形成起到了非常重要的作用;在台风形成后,降水率和气柱总潜热自台风云墙向外减小;随着台风的成熟,降水率和气柱总潜热沿台风径向分布趋于稳定。潜热廓线分析表明,深厚降水云潜热释放在对流层中上部(3 km以上),最大潜热高度约4.5 km。对降水云和非降水云的冰、水含量平均垂直廓线分析表明,深厚和中等厚度的降水云中水粒子含量具有相似的平均廓线,最大值(约0.03 g/m3)位于4—5 km高度,降水低云中的水粒子含量最大值(约0.07 g/m3)位于4 km高度;对于非降水云,3种不同高度的潜热廓线、水和冰粒子含量廓线相似,反映了TRMM反演算法对这些参数的反演仍存在缺陷。     

青藏高原云水气候特征分析

利用2001~2016年MODIS月平均液相云水路径（Cloud Liquid Water Path,LWP）、冰相云水路径（Cloud Ice Water Path,IWP）资料和ERA-Interim再分析等资料,分析了青藏高原空中云水的分布特征、变化趋势以及与大气环流变化和水汽输送变化的关系。结果显示,LWP和IWP的年平均分布形态与降水、可降水量对应较好,林芝地区聚集了丰富的LWP、IWP、降水量和可降水量。受印度洋季风影响,LWP和IWP存在明显的季节变化,夏季LWP和IWP最丰富,冬季最少。水汽传输和高原的动力、热力作用是影响夏季LWP和IWP分布的主要因素,夏季高原南部相对湿度大,水汽抬升强烈,促进了LWP和IWP的形成和积累。LWP和IWP随海拔高度的变化特征较为相似,3000~5500 m海拔高度区间内二者的总体变化特征与青藏高原降水的梯度变化特征一致,为随高度先较快升高后保持稳定的分布特征。青藏高原年平均和季节平均LWP和IWP在2001~2016年间均以减少趋势为主,这一变化趋势与云量和降水变化趋势一致,LWP和IWP的减少趋势与水汽输送通量散度的增加密切相关。     

Analysis of Ice Water Path Retrieval Errors Over Tropical Ocean

Retrieval of multi-layered cloud properties, especially ice water path (IWP), is one of the most perplexing problems in satellite cloud remote sensing. This paper develops a method for improving the IWP retrievals for ice-over-water overlapped cloud systems using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) data. A combined microwave, visible and infrared algorithm is used to identify overlapped clouds and estimate IWP separately from liquid water path. The retrieval error of IWP is then evaluated by comparing the IWP to that retrieved from single-layer ice clouds surrounding the observed overlapping systems. The major IWP retrieval errors of overlapped clouds are primarily controlled by the errors in estimating the visible optical depth. Optical depths are overestimated by about 10–40% due to the influence of the underlying cloud. For the ice-over-warm-water cloud systems (cloud water temperature Tw > 273 K), the globally averaged IWP retrieval error is about 10%. This cloud type accounts for about 15% of all high-cloud overlapping cases. Ice-over-super-cooled water clouds are the predominant overlapped cloud system, accounting for 55% of the cases. Their global averaged error is 17.2%. The largest IWP retrieval error results when ice clouds occur over extremely super-cooled water clouds (Tw 6 255 K). Overall, roughly 33% of the VIRS IWP retrievals are overestimated due to the effects of the liquid water clouds beneath the cirrus clouds. To improve the accuracy of the IWP retrievals, correction models are developed and applied to all three types of overlapped clouds. The preliminary results indicate that the correction models reduce part of the retrieval error.     

中国及其周边地区多种水凝物资料的气候态特征比较

对云的水凝物含量进行研究有利于认识云的辐射性质和强迫效应,以及改善模式的预报性能。利用目前几种较为常用的卫星观测资料（ISCCP、MODIS和CloudSat）和再分析资料（CFSR和ERA-Interim）,对中国及其周边地区的多种水凝物变量,包括积分的云水路径、液水路径和冰水路径,以及分层的液态水含量和冰水含量的气候态水平及垂直分布特征进行了比较研究。结果表明,在总的水凝物含量方面,无论是描述整个中国及其周边地区的水平分布特征和主要变化模态,还是不同海陆区域的月变化特点,MODIS、ERA和CFSR三种资料都显示出较高的一致性,而ISCCP的绝对数值和变化幅度与它们均存在一定差异。在液态水含量方面,无论是水平还是垂直分布,ERA-Interim都有最高的数值,作为观测数据的MODIS和ISCCP则显著偏低。对于冰水含量,不同资料间无论是水平和垂直分布形式还是具体数值都存在明显差异。通过分析不同水凝物资料间气候态分布的差异性特征,有利于认识目前常用的几种水凝物资料的“不确定性”程度,从而更好地估计云的辐射效应,以及理解其在气候变化中所扮演的角色。      

Latitudinal and Scan-dependent Biases of Microwave Humidity Sounder Measurements and Their Dependences on Cloud Ice Water Path

The relationship between differences in microwave humidity sounder(MHS)–channel biases which represent measured brightness temperatures and model-simulated brightness temperatures, and cloud ice water path(IWP) as well as the influence of the cloud liquid water path(LWP) on the relationship is examined. Seven years(2011–17) of NOAA-18 MHS-derived measured brightness temperatures and IWP/LWP data generated by the NOAA Comprehensive Large Array-data Stewardship System Microwave Surface and Precipitation Products System are used. The Community Radiative Transfer Model, version2.2.4, is used to simulate model-simulated brightness temperatures using European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis data as background fields. Scan-angle deviations of the MHS window channel biases range from-1.7 K to1.0 K. The relationships between channels 2, 4, and 5 biases and scan angle are symmetrical about the nadir. The latitudedependent deviations of MHS window channel biases are positive and range from 0–7 K. For MHS non-window channels,the latitudinal deviations between measured brightness temperatures and model-simulated brightness temperatures are larger when the detection height is higher. No systematic warm or cold deviations are found in the global spatial distribution of difference between measured brightness temperatures and model-simulated brightness temperatures over oceans after removing scan-angle and latitudinal deviations. The corrected biases of five different MHS channels decrease differently with respect to the increase in IWP. This decrease is stronger when LWP values are higher.     

Evaluation of cloud properties in the NOAA/NCEP global forecast system using multiple satellite products

Knowledge of cloud properties and their vertical structure is important for meteorological studies due to their impact on both the Earth’s radiation budget and adiabatic heating within the atmosphere. The objective of this study is to evaluate bulk cloud properties and vertical distribution simulated by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (GFS) using three global satellite products. Cloud variables evaluated include the occurrence and fraction of clouds in up to three layers, cloud optical depth, liquid water path, and ice water path. Cloud vertical structure data are retrieved from both active (CloudSat/CALIPSO) and passive sensors and are subsequently compared with GFS model results. In general, the GFS model captures the spatial patterns of hydrometeors reasonably well and follows the general features seen in satellite measurements, but large discrepancies exist in low-level cloud properties. More boundary layer clouds over the interior continents were generated by the GFS model whereas satellite retrievals showed more low-level clouds over oceans. Although the frequencies of global multi-layer clouds from observations are similar to those from the model, latitudinal variations show discrepancies in terms of structure and pattern. The modeled cloud optical depth over storm track region and subtropical region is less than that from the passive sensor and is overestimated for deep convective clouds. The distributions of ice water path (IWP) agree better with satellite observations than do liquid water path (LWP) distributions. Discrepancies in LWP/IWP distributions between observations and the model are attributed to differences in cloud water mixing ratio and mean relative humidity fields, which are major control variables determining the formation of clouds.     

CONVECTIVE-STRATIFORM RAINFALL PARTITION BY RADIANCE-DERIVED CLOUD CONTENT: A MODELING STUDY

A new scheme that separates convective-stratiform rainfall is developed using threshold values of liquid water path (LWP) and ice water path (IWP). These cloud contents can be predicted with radiances at the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) channels (23.8, 31.4, 89, and 150 GHz) through linear regression models. The scheme is demonstrated by an analysis of a two-dimensional cloud resolving model simulation that is imposed by a forcing derived from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The rainfall is considered convective if associated LWP is larger than 1.91 mm or IWP is larger than 1.70 mm. Otherwise, the rainfall is stratiform. The analysis of surface rainfall budget demonstrates that this new scheme is physically meaningful.     

Cloud microphysical properties in tropical convective and stratiform regions

Summary Cloud microphysical properties in tropical convective and stratiform regions are examined based on hourly zonal-mean data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulation. The model is integrated for 21 days with the imposed large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind and horizontal advections obtained from Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). Time-mean cloud microphysical budgets are analyzed in raining stratiform regions, convective regions, and non-raining stratiform regions, respectively. In raining stratiform regions, ice water path (IWP) and liquid water path (LWP) have similar magnitudes. The collection process contributes slightly more to the growth of raindrops than the melting processes do, and surface rain rate is higher than the raindrop-related microphysical rate, indicating that the hydrometeor convergence from the convective regions plays a role in surface rainfall processes. In convective regions, IWP is much smaller than LWP, the collection process is dominant in producing raindrops, and surface rain rate is lower than the raindrop-related microphysical rate. In non-raining stratiform regions, IWP is much larger than LWP, and the melting processes are important in maintaining the raindrop budget. The statistical analysis of hourly data suggests that the slopes of linear regression equations between IWP and LWP in three regions are different. Rain producing processes in convective regions are associated with the water cloud processes regardless of convection intensity.     

Retrieval of Liquid Water Path Inside Nonprecipitating Clouds Using TMI Measurements

Quantitative estimates of liquid water path （LWP） in clouds using satellite measurements are critical to understanding of cloud properties and the assessment of global climate change. In this paper, the relationship between microwave brightness temperature （TB） and LWP in the nonprecipitating clouds is studied by using satellite microwave measurements from the TRMM Microwave Imager （TMI） onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM）, together with a radiative transfer model for microwave radiance calculations. Radiative transfer modeling shows that the sensitivity is higher at both 37.0- and 85.5-GHz horizontal polarization channels for the LWP retrievals. Also, the differences between the retrieved values responding to TBs of various channels and the theoretical values are displayed by the model. Based upon above simulations, with taking into account the factor of resolution and retrieval bias for a single,channel, a nonprecipitating cloud LWP in the summer subtropical marine environment retrieval algorithm is formulated by the combination of the two TMI horizontal polarization channels, 37.0 and 85.5 GHz. Moreover,by using TMI measurements （1Bll）, this algorithm is applied to retrieving respectively LWPs for clear sky, nonprecipitating clouds, and typhoon precipitating clouds. In the clear sky case, the LWP cl~anges from -1 to 1 g m-2, and its mean value is about 10^-5 g m^-2. It indicates that, using this combination retrieval algorithm, there are no obvious systemic deviations when the LWP is low enough. The LWP values varying from 0 to 1000 g m^-2 in nonprecipitating clouds are reasonable, and its distribution pattern is very similar to the detected results in the visible channel of Visible and Infrared Scanner （VIRS） on the TRMM. In typhoon precipitating clouds, there is much more proportion of high LWP in the mature phase than the early stage. When surface rainfall rate is lower than 5 mm h^-1, the LWP increases with increasing rainfall rate.     

利用地基微波辐射计反演兰州地区液态云水路径和可降水量的初步研究

液态云水路径 (liquid water path, LWP) 和可降水量 (precipitable water vapor, PWV) 是描述天气和气候的两个重要物理量。目前, 针对液态云水路径和可降水量的直接观测较少, 特别是在我国干旱半干旱黄土高原地区, 至今没有获得系统的观测值。本文利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境监测站 (SACOL) 近两年的微波辐射仪观测资料, 分析了黄土高原半干旱区液态云水路径和可降水量的变化特征。首先引入Liljegren et al.(2001) 的反演方法并加以改进, 计算得到适合黄土高原地区的反演参数, 利用改进后的反演方法计算近两年的液态云水路径和可降水量。分析结果显示, 与TP/WVP-3000型12通道微波辐射计的直接输出结果相比, 本文反演结果与实际情况更加吻合。在SACOL代表的黄土高原地区, 95%的云水路径值都在150 g/m2以下, 95%的可降水量值都在3 cm以下。由于SACOL的降水受亚洲季风的影响, 液态云水路径日均值冬季最小, 秋季最大, 其日变化规律显示半干旱区液态云水路径大体上呈双峰分布, 峰值主要出现在日出和日落时分。卫星反演资料的年变化趋势与地基反演结果比较吻合。因此, 运用卫星反演的液态云水路径来分析我国西北地区的空中云水资源是一种比较可信的手段。     

An Evidence of Aerosol Indirect Effect on Stratus Clouds from the Integrated Ground-Based Measurements at the ARM Shouxian Site

The aerosol effect on clouds was explored using remote sensing of aerosol and cloud data at Shouxian, China. Non-precipitation, ice-free, and overcast clouds were firstly chosen by a combination of sky images from the Total Sky Imager (TSI), cloud base heights from the Ceilometer, and vertical temperature profiles from the Balloon-Borne Sounding System (BBSS). Six cases were chosen in summer, and seven in autumn. The averaged cloud effective radii (re), cloud optical depth (COD), aerosol total light scattering coefficient (σ), and liquid water path (LWP) are, respectivey, 6.47 μm, 35.4, 595.9 mm-1, 0.19 mm in summer, and 6.07 μm, 96.0, 471.7 mm-1, 0.37 mm in autumn. The correlation coefficient between re and σ was found to change from negative to positive value as LWP increases.