1948—2003年热带地区降水气候特征与变化

使用1948—2003年全球陆地和海洋的月降水资料,研究了热带地区年降水量场的趋势变化,同时还研究了ENSO事件与热带地区年降水量的关系。结果表明,在1948—2003年,热带地区年降水量场以负趋势为主要变化特征。给出了降水趋势明显的13个区域,指出热带海洋降水趋势明显的地区比陆地的范围广而且强度大,正趋势区基本都在南半球的海洋上,且北半球降水趋势明显的海洋区域都呈负趋势。研究结果还表明,ENSO事件可能是热带地区年降水量减少的一个重要原因;同时给出了ENSO事件发生时热带地区的明显旱涝区,并与以往的研究进行了比较。     

1948—2001年全球陆地春季降水长期变化的时空特征

利用全球陆地月降水资料(PREC/L)中3个月的资料,研究了1948—2001年全球陆地3—5月降水长期变化的时空特征。结果表明,1948—2001年,全球3—5月的降水量以负趋势为主要变化特征,明显减少的区域是:热带非洲、亚洲中西部、中国中东部、俄罗斯东部、南极的恩德比地和威尔克斯地等9个地区;降水量增加的区域是:俄罗斯西北部、美国西北部、加拿大西南部、南美洲南部、加拿大北部等7个地区。还研究了35个纬圈3—5月平均降水量的趋势系数。在分析全球季节降水量与ENSO的关系中,指出春季是春夏秋三季中最不显著的。     

1948-2001年全球陆地春季降水长期变化的时空特征

利用全球陆地月降水资料(PREC／L)中3个月的资料，研究了1948—2001年全球陆地3—5月降水长期变化的时空特征。结果表明，1948—2001年，全球3—5月的降水量以负趋势为主要变化特征，明显减少的区域是：热带非洲、亚洲中西部、中国中东部、俄罗斯东部、南极的恩德比地和威尔克斯地等9个地区；降水量增加的区域是：俄罗斯西北部、美国西北部、加拿大西南部、南美洲南部、加拿大北部等7个地区。还研究了35个纬圈3—5月平均降水量的趋势系数。在分析全球季节降水量与ENSO的关系中，指出春季是春夏秋三季中最不显著的。     

1948-2001年全球陆地6-8月降水长期变化的时空特征

采用PREC/L的全球陆地月降水资料,研究了1948-2001年全球陆地6-8月降水长期变化的时空特征.结果表明,在该时段内,6-8月降水量较大的区域是全球几个主要的季风区,而且季风区的降水均方差较大;全球陆地6-8月降水量以负趋势为主要特征,降水量明显减少的区域是热带非洲,中国的淮河以北,俄罗斯的东部,中、西西伯利亚,朝鲜,南亚等8个区域;降水量增加的区域是加拿大北部、格陵兰中部等4个区域;全球36个纬度带中共有12个纬度带6-8月降水量趋势变化达到了0.05显著性水平的Monte Carlo检验,但是只有1个纬度带(65～60°S)是正趋势.全球陆地6-8月降水量正趋势的范围是很小的.初步探讨了ENSO与全球陆地6-8月降水量趋势变化的关系.     

1948—2000年ENSO事件与全球陆地年降水量的关系

用最新创建的全球陆地月降水资料(PREC/L),研究了1948—2000年期间的ENSO事件与全球陆地年降水量的关系。对合成分析的结果进行了蒙特卡罗模拟检验。结果表明,暖事件年全球陆地年降水量大范围减少。显著地区是:赤道西太平洋区、中国华北、赤道中美洲区、孟加拉湾北部及尼泊尔、东澳大利亚区、印度西部及巴基斯坦南部、勒拿河以东地区、西欧及南极的威尔克斯等区域。在暖事件年,陆地年降水量增加地区不多,主要是南美的智利和阿根廷、东非索马里、肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚、中东的土耳其、伊拉克及伊朗、北非的利比亚和阿尔及利亚、西南非的纳米比亚及非洲南部的博茨瓦纳和津巴布韦。统计检验表明,暖事件年全球陆地年降水量减少面积比降水量增加面积要大,而且更为显著。研究还指出,ENSO的年代际变化对上述地区降水的年代际变化影响不明显。但是,80年代以后的暖事件对东澳大利亚干旱、中国华北干旱的影响比80年代前的影响要大。     

1948-2000年ENSO事件与全球陆地年降水量的关系

用最新创建的全球陆地月降水资料(PREC／L)，研究了1948—2000年期间的ENSO事件与全球陆地年降水量的关系。对合成分析的结果进行了蒙特卡罗模拟检验。结果表明，暖事件年全球陆地年降水量大范围减少。显著地区是：赤道西太平洋区、中国华北、赤道中美洲区、孟加拉湾北部及尼泊尔、东澳大利亚区、印度西部及巴基斯坦南部、勒拿河以东地区、西欧及南极的威尔克斯等区域。在暖事件年，陆地年降水量增加地区不多，主要是南美的智利和阿根廷、东非索马里、肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚、中东的土耳其、伊拉克及伊朗、北非的利比亚和阿尔及利亚、西南非的纳米比亚及非洲南部的博茨瓦纳和津巴布韦。统计检验表明，暖事件年全球陆地年降水量减少面积比降水量增加面积要大，而且更为显著。研究还指出，ENSO的年代际变化对上述地区降水的年代际变化影响不明显。但是，80年代以后的暖事件对东澳大利亚干旱、中国华北干旱的影响比80年代前的影响要大。     

东南亚地区年际降水变化及其与ENSO的关系

用Chen等最新创建的全球陆地和海洋的月降水资料（PREC／L和PREC／O），采用加权平均的降水距平指数和旱涝面积指数分别划分1948-2002年东南亚地区年、季的旱涝年，并对划分的旱、涝年进行了旱涝年差异的Monte Carlo检验。研究了东南亚地区降水与ENSO的关系，指出东南亚地区年、秋季和冬季的降水与ENSO事件的关系比较密切，春季降水与其关系稍差一些，夏季与ENSO事件没有明显的联系。研究了东南亚地区旱涝年的分布规律和特征，指出1948-1959年期间除了夏季旱年比涝年多以外，年和春、秋、冬季都是涝年明显多于旱年，60年代年、四季的旱涝相差不多，年和夏季在70年代涝多于旱，春、秋、冬季旱涝相同；1980-1989年是旱年的多发期；1990-2002年期间旱涝年频繁爆发，旱年多于涝年。通过计算东南亚地区年、季的降水趋势系数，得出东南亚地区年、季的降水量大都存在下降趋势，其中年和秋季的下降趋势很明显，春夏两季存在弱的下降趋势，而冬季则有较弱的上升趋势。     

1920-2000年全球陆地降水气候特征与变化

分析了1920-2000年全球陆地降水场.指出降水量最大的区域主要在季风区,在季风降水区有明显的雨季和旱季之分.全球多年平均降水随纬向分布有着较好的连贯性,即热带地区比较湿润,从赤道向南向北递减,但是在南半球40°～50°S中高纬度降水量还比较多,故南半球降水随纬度分布呈双峰型.文中还分析了全球陆地平均的全年、各季降水序列的周期和趋势特征.指出全球降水序列中有明显的与2～7年ENSO周期相吻合的变化周期,也有年代际变化.在1920-2000年期间,除了冬季降水有一个弱的上升趋势外,其它季节降水量的变化趋势不很明显.分析比较了全球陆地年、各季降水长期趋势的地理分布差异,指出在南半球,赤道～10°S除了在春季降水表现为弱的负趋势外,其他季节都是正趋势,其中冬季最明显,但是并不显著.10°～25°S在冬、秋季是正趋势而夏季是负趋势,趋势都不显著.在20°～40°S夏、秋季的降水量正趋势达到0.01显著性水平.在北半球,25°N以南的热带地区的四季降水都是负趋势,在秋季尤为明显,达到0.01显著性水平.在30°N以北,除了在30°～40°N冬季表现为降水的负趋势外,其它季节降水为正趋势.在45°～55°N地区,降水的正趋势在春季表现的最为明显,在北半球更高的纬度上,冬季降水的正趋势表现的特别明显.     

1981—2010年ENSO事件与招远市降水的关系

利用NOAA卫星太平洋海表温度资料、南方涛动指数(SOI)和招远国家气象观测站降水观测资料,使用统计方法对ENSO事件与招远市1981—2010年30a降水量的关系进行分析。结果表明:招远市年平均降水量呈波动中明显上升的趋势,与全省波动下降的趋势相反。ENSO事件强度与年平均降水趋势呈负相关特性,而与冬季降水整体呈正相关性,与春、夏、秋季降水量总体呈负相关。ENSO事件主要通过影响夏季降水量进而影响全年降水变化趋势。     

1948～2001年全球陆地9～11月降水的长期变化

本文用Chen等(2001)最新创建的全球陆地月降水资料(PREC／L)，计算了1948～2001年全球9～11月陆地降水量趋势变化。结果表明，在1948～2001年，全球9～11月的降水量场有明显的趋势变化，全球大约2／3左右的陆地9～11月降水量是负趋势，明显减少的区域是：热带非洲，俄罗斯西北部，中国东部，南亚及东南亚，南极的威尔克斯地，格陵兰北部，等六个地区。全球仅1／3左右的陆地9～11月降水量是正趋势，降水量增加的地区是：加拿大北部，墨西哥北部及美国西南部，南美的阿根廷，非洲南部的南非、博茨瓦纳南部，等四个地区。正负趋势面积的差异在统计上是显著的。本文还研究了36个纬度带9～11月平均降水量的趋势系数，指出全球共有8个纬圈的9～11月降水量的趋势变化达到0．05信度的显著性，初步讨论了全球9～11月降水量趋势变化的原因。     

Variability and trends of sub-continental scale surface climate in the twentieth century. Part I: observations

An analysis is presented of observed temperature and precipitation variability and trends throughout the twentieth century over 22 land regions of sub-continental scale. Summer, winter and annual data are examined using a range of variability measures. Statistically significant warming trends are found over the majority of regions. The trends have a magnitude of up to 2 K per century and are maximum over cold climate regions. Only a few precipitation trends are statistically significant. Regional temperature and precipitation show pronounced variability at scales from interannual to multidecadal, with maximum over cold climate regions. The interannual variability shows significant variations and trends throughout the century, the latter being mostly negative for precipitation and both positive and negative for temperature. Temperature and precipitation anomalies show a chaotic-type behavior in which the regional conditions oscillate around the long term mean trend and occasionally fall into long-lasting (up to 10 years or more) anomaly regimes. A generally modest temporal correlation is found between anomalies of different regions and between temperature and precipitation anomalies for the same region. This correlation is mostly positive for temperature in cases of adjacent regions or regions in the same latitude belts. Several cases of negative inter-regional precipitation anomaly correlation are found. The ENSO significantly affects the anomaly variability patterns over a number of regions, primarily in tropical areas, while the NAO significantly affects the variability over northern mid- and high-latitude regions of Europe and Asia.     

Exploring the impacts of the tropical Pacific SST on the precipitation patterns over South America during ENSO periods

Summary Previous studies on precipitation over South America that strongly support the existence of links between precipitation and SST anomalies in the Pacific Ocean have identified specific regions where the ENSO signal is particularly stronger. Northeast of Brazil and some parts of southern South America are examples of these regions. However, the same attention was not taken to identify which regions in the Central and East Pacific ocean are better correlated with the South America precipitation during extreme ENSO events, and also which are the transition regions of the precipitation signal over South America during these events. Coincident periods of ENSO events for both SST over the tropical Pacific ocean and monthly precipitation sums from many observational stations over South America were selected and analyzed. Two statistical methods were used for the data analysis: Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and Simple Linear Correlation (SLC). The SVD results for warmer events in the Pacific corroborate previous ones and also clearly identified a transition region between the drier conditions in the Northeast of Brazil and the wetter conditions in the Southeast/South of Brazil. Transition regions were also determined over Peru and central Amazon. The SLC results indicated that the SST anomalies in the tropical east Pacific ocean has the strongest influence in the South American precipitation during El Ni?o events. During La Ni?a events the central area of the Pacific, around 180°, has shown a more significant influence. Received August 10, 2000 Revised August 22, 2001     

A long-term trend in precipitation of different spatial regions of Bangladesh and its teleconnections with El Niño/Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole

A long-term (1948 to 2012) trend of precipitation (annual, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons) in Bangladesh was analyzed in different regions using both parametric and nonparametric approaches. Moreover, the possible teleconnections of precipitation (annual and monsoon) variability with El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) were investigated using both average and individual (both positive and negative) values of ENSO index and IOD. Our findings suggested that for annual precipitation, a significant increasing monotonic trend was found in whole Bangladesh (4.87 mm/year), its western region (5.82 mm/year) including Rangpur (9.41 mm/year) and Khulna (4.95 mm/year), and Sylhet (10.12 mm/year) and Barisal (6.94 mm/year) from eastern region. In pre-monsoon, only Rangpur (2.88 mm/year) showed significant increasing trend, while in monsoon, whole Bangladesh (3.04 mm/year), Sylhet (7.17 mm/year), and Barisal (6.94 mm/year) showed similar trend. In post-monsoon, there was no significant trend. Our results also revealed that the precipitation (annual or monsoon) of whole Bangladesh and almost all of the spatial regions did not show any significant correlation with ENSO events, whereas the average IOD values showed significant correlation only in monsoon precipitation of western region. The individual positive IODs showed significant correlation in whole Bangladesh, western region, and its two divisions (Rajshahi and Khulna). So, in the context of Bangladesh climate, IOD has the more teleconnection to precipitation than that of ENSO. Our findings indicate that the co-occurrence of ENSO and IOD events may suppress their influence on each other.

     

全球陆地年降水量与ENSO关系的初步研究

用全球陆地月降水资料（PREC／L），研究了1948－2000年期间的ENSO事件与全球陆地年降水量的关系，对全盛分析的结果进行了蒙特卡洛模拟经验。结果表明，暖事件年全球陆地年降水量大范围地明显减小，显著的地区是：赤道西太平洋区，中国的华北，赤道中美洲区，孟加拉湾北部及尼泊尔，东澳大利亚区，印度西部及巴基斯坦南部，勒拿河以东地区，西欧及南极的威尔克斯等区域。在暖事件年，陆地年降水量增加地区不多，主要是南美的智利和阿根廷，东非索马里，肯尼亚和坦桑亚，中东的土耳其，伊拉克及伊朗，北非的利比亚和阿尔及利亚，西南非的纳米比亚及非洲南部的博茨瓦纳和津巴布韦。统计检验表明，暖事件年全球陆地年降水量减少的面积比降水量增加的面积要大，而且更为显著，将本文结果与早期的研究结果进行了比较，研究还指出，ENSO的年代际变化对上述地区降水的年代际变化影响不明显。但是80年代以后的暖事件对东澳大利亚干旱，中国的华北的干旱的影响比80年代前的影响更大。     

Recent change of the global monsoon precipitation (1979–2008)

The global monsoon (GM) is a defining feature of the annual variation of Earth’s climate system. Quantifying and understanding the present-day monsoon precipitation change are crucial for prediction of its future and reflection of its past. Here we show that regional monsoons are coordinated not only by external solar forcing but also by internal feedback processes such as El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). From one monsoon year (May to the next April) to the next, most continental monsoon regions, separated by vast areas of arid trade winds and deserts, vary in a cohesive manner driven by ENSO. The ENSO has tighter regulation on the northern hemisphere summer monsoon (NHSM) than on the southern hemisphere summer monsoon (SHSM). More notably, the GM precipitation (GMP) has intensified over the past three decades mainly due to the significant upward trend in NHSM. The intensification of the GMP originates primarily from an enhanced east–west thermal contrast in the Pacific Ocean, which is coupled with a rising pressure in the subtropical eastern Pacific and decreasing pressure over the Indo-Pacific warm pool. While this mechanism tends to amplify both the NHSM and SHSM, the stronger (weaker) warming trend in the NH (SH) creates a hemispheric thermal contrast, which favors intensification of the NHSM but weakens the SHSM. The enhanced Pacific zonal thermal contrast is largely a result of natural variability, whilst the enhanced hemispherical thermal contrast is likely due to anthropogenic forcing. We found that the enhanced global summer monsoon not only amplifies the annual cycle of tropical climate but also promotes directly a “wet-gets-wetter” trend pattern and indirectly a “dry-gets-drier” trend pattern through coupling with deserts and trade winds. The mechanisms recognized in this study suggest a way forward for understanding past and future changes of the GM in terms of its driven mechanisms.     

Interannual variability of summer monsoon precipitation over the Indochina Peninsula in association with ENSO

The interannual variability of summer monsoon precipitation (1979–2011) over the Indochina Peninsula (ICP) is characterized using the first empirical orthogonal function of 5-month total precipitation (May to September). The leading mode, with a monopole pattern, accounts for 30.6 % of the total variance. Dynamic composites and linear regression analysis indicate that the rainy season precipitation over the ICP is linked to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on interannual scales. The preceding winter [D(?1)JF(0)] negative sea surface temperature (SST) over the Niño-3.4 region is predominantly correlated with the rainy season precipitation over the ICP. Notably, the simultaneous correlation between remote SST anomalies in the Niño-3.4 region and the rainy season precipitation over the ICP is weak. The interannual variation of tropical cyclones modulated by ENSO is a significant contributing factor to the rainy season precipitation over the ICP. However, this relationship is not homogeneous over the ICP if ENSO is considered. Before removing the ENSO signal, enhanced precipitation is present over the northeastern part of the ICP and reduced precipitation appears in the western ICP, especially in coastal areas. In contrast, after removing ENSO, only a minor significant positive precipitation anomaly occurs over the northeastern part of the ICP and the negative anomaly appears particularly in the western and eastern coastal regions. The results obtained through the present study are useful for our understanding of circulation mechanisms and provide information for assessing the ability of regional and global climate models in simulating the climate of Southeast Asia.     

ENSO及其组合模态对中国东部各季节降水的影响

近期的研究发现,热带太平洋低层大气存在两种主要模态,即经向对称ENSO模态和ENSO与海表温度(SST)年循环相互作用产生的经向反对称组合模态。主要探讨了这两种不同ENSO模态对中国东部各季节降水的影响。结果表明,厄尔尼诺年秋季,中国西南、长江及华南大部分区域呈现显著正降水异常;冬季,正降水异常范围扩大,覆盖华南、华东及华北东南部地区。这两个季节的异常降水都主要受ENSO模态的影响。与ENSO模态相关的正异常海温局地强迫导致120°E以西出现反气旋性环流,其西北侧增强的西南暖湿气流使得中国东部地区降水增多。次年春季,从中国华南延伸到东北出现正的异常降水,主要是ENSO组合模态的贡献。因为次年春季热带太平洋地区ENSO模态信号只局限于赤道地区,并没有对中国东部降水有显著的影响,而ENSO与海温年循环相互作用的组合模态使得与ENSO相关的赤道大气异常可以扩展到赤道以外地区。ENSO组合模态对中国降水异常有重要影响,在今后的研究和短期预测中需引起重视。      

Cyclones and Northern Hemispheric temperature

Summary The relationships between cyclone characteristics and Northern Hemispheric (NH) temperature during the period 1958–1987 are examined by an empirical procedure. The results tend to indicate an increase in the frequency of cyclogenesis in the NW Pacific region but a decrease over the East Asia continent during the period of NH warming. The number of intense and explosive cyclones over northwestern Pacific and shows a similar behaviour. These different responses of cyclone activities may be due to the different trend of the north-south temperature contrast over land and sea in the warm period. On the other hand, the increase of cyclone activities over NW Pacific was also related to the ENSO events, while ENSO has a substantial contribution to the atmospheric warming.With 5 Figures     

A comparison of regional monsoon variability using monsoon indices

The present study aims to (a) examine meteorological basis for construction of regional monsoon indices and (b) explore the commonality and differences among tropical regional monsoons, especially the teleconnection and monsoon–ENSO relationship. We show that the area-averaged summer precipitation intensity is generally a meaningful precipitation index for tropical monsoons because it represents very well both the amplitude of annual cycle and the leading mode of year-to-year rainfall variability with a nearly uniform spatial pattern. The regional monsoon circulation indices can be defined in a unified way (measuring monsoon trough vorticity) for seven tropical monsoon regions, viz.: Indian, Australian, western North Pacific, North and South American, and Northern and Southern African monsoons. The structures of the tropical monsoons are commonly characterized by a pair of upper-level double anticyclones residing in the subtropics of both hemispheres; notably the winter hemispheric anticyclone has a barotropic structure and is a passive response. Two types of upper-level teleconnection patterns are identified. One is a zonal wave train emanating from the double anticyclones downstream along the westerly jets in both hemispheres, including Indian, Northern African and Australian monsoons; the other is a meridional wave train emanating from the double anticyclones polewards, such as the South American and western North Pacific monsoons. Over the past 55 years all regional summer monsoons have non-stationary relationship with ENSO except the Australian monsoon. The regional monsoon–ENSO relationship is found to have common changing points in 1970s. The relationships were enhanced for the western North Pacific, Northern African, North American and South American summer monsoons, but weakened for the Indian summer monsoon (with a recovery in late 1990s). Regardless the large regional differences, the monsoon precipitations over land areas of all tropical monsoon regions are significantly correlated with the ENSO, suggesting that ENSO drives global tropical monsoon rainfall variability. These results provide useful guidance for monitoring sub-seasonal to seasonal variations of the regional monsoons currently done at NCEP and for assessment of the climate models’ performances in representing regional and global monsoon variability.