中国西南典型地区酸雨形成过程研究

本文根据云水和雨水化学特性的观测和雨水酸化模式的模拟计算，研究了中国西南地区酸雨的形成过程。结果表明:在重庆和贵阳等重污染城市，云下过程对雨水的酸化起主要作用，在污染较轻的中小城镇和乡村地区，雨水酸度主要决定于云内过程。 但是云下过程对雨水中的主要酸碱离子浓度都有不可忽视的明显影响。雨水的酸化主要是由于SO2与H2O2和O3的氧化，气溶胶起较弱的缓冲碱化作用。在重庆和贵阳等地，当地SO2浓度已高达饱和，其值增减50％，都不会对该地雨水酸度有明显影响，起控制作用的是氧化剂浓度。     

大气气溶胶的酸化与相对湿度的关系及其对酸雨形成的贡献

从大气气溶胶的微物理结构出发,研究了气溶胶表层膜受大气相对湿度(Hr)的影响发生S(+4)氧化成为硫酸的过程,同时给出了不同湿度条件下污染大气中气溶胶粒子酸化作用的理论分析结果.研究分析表明,气溶胶颗粒表面的水份含量对于成功的氧化过程是一个必不可少的条件.由于周围环境大气相对湿度能够极大地改变气溶胶粒子的水份含量,因而,它也能对气溶胶粒子酸化作用的程度产生影响.研究发现,对于吸湿性气溶胶,在相同的条件下,Hr≤30%的干粒子和Hr≥70%的湿粒子都会经历不同程度的酸化.     

积云的清除作用与其酸化的数值模拟

一维时变参数化积云模式与污染物浓度连续方程相结合，根据积云内外SO2和HNO3浓度、云水S(VI)浓度、H2O2和O3的氧化速率以及地面雨水S(VI)浓度的时空变化，分别讨论核化清除、液相氧化、云下气溶胶清除、碱性气溶胶、云外污染物的夹卷以及SO2初始分布等因子的重要性。     

雨滴下落过程模型雏形的建立

雨滴下落过程是云降水物理研究中极为重要的一个部分,其研究涉及到蒸发过程和雨滴末速度问题。在静止大气中,对于单个云滴,Maxwell理论给出了粒子在凝结过程中的质量增长公式,而本文研究雨滴的下落过程,是与凝结过程相反的蒸发过程。基于Maxwell理论,将雨滴假定为球形粒子,对原方程进行差分求解,并加入通风效应与表面效应对Maxwell理论就行修正。在雨滴末速度问题上,本文采用2015年昆明站的探空资料,将雨滴直径(1μm)分为三个部分,在忽略了雨滴短暂的加速过程后,考虑拖曳力F_D与重力F_g平衡进行讨论,用最小二乘法拟合得出初始高度的末速度与半径的关系,再结合部分假设和理论推导得到任意高度的末速度与半径的函数关系。最后,利用该模型,针对相对湿度做了敏感性实验,发现雨滴所处环境的相对湿度变小会明显加快小雨滴的蒸发。本文基于Maxwell理论等前人研究,加入部分假设得到了一个较为合理的包含了蒸发过程的雨滴下落模型,对还原真实大气中雨滴的下落过程有一定参考价值。     

关于雨滴在云下蒸发的数值试验

顾震潮、Mason、Twomey、北京大学云物理教学组、Kuhme等均曾讨论过雨滴的蒸发问题。他们认为雨滴与环境的热交换随时达到平衡,未考虑雨滴蒸发消耗热量与环境向雨滴传导热量的补偿不平衡;以及雨滴在下落中保持高层较低温度的倾向(热滞后),从而造成的滴表面饱和水汽压保持在较低水平,抑制了蒸发的情况。本文通过对云下雨滴下落蒸发过程的数值试验,讨论了:①下落的雨滴由于蒸发消耗热量,温度比周围环境低,并有保持较高层次的较低温度的倾向。②在不饱和大气     

广州气溶胶质量谱与水溶性成分谱的年变化特征

广州气溶胶质量谱与水溶性成分谱的年变化特征吴兑，陈位超（广州热带海洋气象研究所，广州，５１００８０）近年来，我们曾在粤、桂、琼三省华南广大地区采集并分析了大气气溶胶分级样品，从气溶胶参与雨水酸化过程，吸湿性气溶胶作为凝结核的作用，以及海岸地带吸湿性粒...     

兰州地区高云和气溶胶光学特性及其辐射效应

利用激光雷达探测分析了兰州上空的高云与气溶胶的光学参数,并用LOWTRAN7定量模拟出高云对气溶胶辐射特性的影响。结果表明,消光系数廓线与相对湿度廓线随高度的变化一致性较好,气溶胶层主要在2km以下,低层气溶胶和高云的消光系数和相对湿度较大。白天,高云的存在使云下气溶胶短波加热率减小。有云和无云时气溶胶加热率的差别在地表处最为明显,中午前后差别较大,最大为11:00的0.096K.h-1。夜间,高云的存在使云下气溶胶长波冷却率减小,在1000m以下有云和无云时气溶胶冷却率的差别小,在1000m以上差别大,最大差别出现在1500m处(02:00～04:00),为0.033K.h-1。     

积云发展对酸化剂清除的数值模拟

本文利用云内成雨清除模式和云下雨水冲刷清除模式讨论了云内和云下致酸物质的清除、酸化过程。计算结果表明，雨不酸化主要是在云内形成、而云底之下雨水对清除酸化过程是不重要的。而对流引起的上升气流和下沉气流对污染层内致酸物质的浓度变化有较大影响。     

一次冷涡过程降水的微物理机制分析

该文分析了一次冷涡天气过程中云微物理量的分布特征、降水粒子的增长机制及云下雨滴的蒸发效应。主要结果为:云系由低层暖性Sc云和冷性主体As云组成。As云底高2 km,云顶高大于5 km,云中存在比较大的过冷水区,–11.2 ℃时的过冷水含量0.21 g·m-3,但过冷水的含量分布极不均匀,大于0.05 g·m-3的过冷水区连续分布的宽度87%小于2.4 km,不利于云中冰晶的连续凇附增长;同时云下雨滴的蒸发效应大,直径小于1.0 mm的雨滴难以落到地面,因此本次过程只产生弱的降水。     

大气气溶胶粒径分布特征与气象条件的相关性分析

通过温度、相对湿度和风速等气象因素与不同粒径大气气溶胶粒子数浓度和质量浓度的相关性,分析气象条件对大气气溶胶的影响和作用机制。结果表明：气象因素对0.2—0.6 μm的气溶胶影响最大。温度升高既有利于增强大气扩散作用也有利于二次气溶胶生成,因此温度与超细气溶胶(小于0.1μm)呈正相关性,而与粒径较大的气溶胶呈负相关。风速主要影响气溶胶的水平扩散,对超细气溶胶无显著影响,而与粗粒径气溶胶呈负相关。相对湿度会促进超细气溶胶的聚积,使之生成较大粒径气溶胶。因此相对湿度与超细气溶胶呈较强的负相关,而与较粗粒径气溶胶呈正相关。     

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF VARIATIONS ON STABLE ISOTOPIC RATIOS IN FALLING RAINDROPS

The variations of stable isotopic contents in falling raindrops are not only influenced by thehumidity conditions, but also by the stable isotopic contents in atmospheric vapor to a certainextent. If there is a difference between the isotopic contents in the vapor of the surrounding air andat the surface of the raindrops, the move of the isotopic contents from high to low values will beproduced. Usually. influenced by the evaporation process, the stable isotopic ratios in raindropsare constantly increased in the unsaturated atmosphere. The less the atmospheric humidity, themore obvious the increased range. As the enrichment rate of stable isotopes in raindrops is equal tothe outward isotopic move rate. the "pseudo-equilibrium state" appears. The influence ofevaporation on stable isotopic contents disappears in the saturated atmosphere, so that themagnitude of isotopic ratio in raindrops is dependent on the isotopic exchange between theraindrops and the surrounding atmosphere.     

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF VARIATIONS ON STABLE ISOTOPIC RATIOS IN FALLING RAINDROPS*

The variations of stable isotopic contents in falling raindrops are not only influenced by the humidity conditions, but also by the stable isotopic contents in atmospheric vapor to a certain extent. If there is a difference between the isotopic contents in the vapor of the surrounding air and at the surface of the raindrops, the move of the isotopic contents from high to low values will be produced. Usually. influenced by the evaporation process, the stable isotopic ratios in raindrops are constantly increased in the unsaturated atmosphere. The less the atmospheric humidity, the more obvious the increased range. As the enrichment rate of stable isotopes in raindrops is equal to the outward isotopic move rate. the "pseudo-equilibrium state" appears. The influence of evaporation on stable isotopic contents disappears in the saturated atmosphere, so that the magnitude of isotopic ratio in raindrops is dependent on the isotopic exchange between the raindrops and the surrounding atmosphere.     

雨滴谱垂直演变特征的微雨雷达观测研究

雨滴谱的垂直变化特征对于认识降水过程、改进模式和雷达定量估计降水等具有重要意义。利用2016年6月1日-9月30日雨量筒、微雨雷达（micro rain radar,简称MRR）和PARSIVEL雨滴谱仪连续4个月的观测数据,在对比3种仪器观测结果的基础上,研究了层状云降水不同降水强度下微物理特征量和雨滴谱垂直演变特征。结果表明:MRR与PARSIVEL雨滴谱仪观测降水强度相关性较好,且两种仪器观测的雨滴谱在中等粒子段（0.5~2.5 mm）表现出较好的一致性,而对于小粒子段（雨滴直径小于0.5 mm）PARSIVEL雨滴谱仪观测的数浓度明显低于MRR。对于弱降水（降水强度R ≤ 0.2 mm·h-1）,液水含量和降水强度随高度降低减小,雨滴在下落过程中蒸发明显。对于较强降水（R>2 mm·h-1）,随高度降低,雷达反射率因子增大,小滴数浓度减小的同时大滴数浓度增加明显,雨滴下落过程碰并作用明显。所有高度直径不超过0.5 mm的小滴对数浓度贡献均为最大。高层雨滴直径不小于1 mm的小粒子对降水强度的贡献可达50%,小粒子对降水强度贡献随高度降低减小。     

空中、地面雨滴谱特征的观测分析

利用1982年7月9日宁夏银川站的一次层状云降水过程中地面、空中观测的雨滴谱资料,分析了宁夏地区层状云降水过程中地面、空中的雨滴谱特征,并对地面和空中雨滴谱进行对比。结果表明：地面雨滴谱以指数型为主（61.9%）,空中雨滴谱以多峰型为主（86.4%）;对于空中、地面雨滴平均谱,Gamma分布拟合的相关系数更高;地面雨滴谱中小滴较多,空中雨滴谱中大滴较多,可能受到碰并、蒸发、破碎的共同影响。研究地面雷达反射率因子Z、雨水含量W、雨滴数浓度N与雨强I的关系,Z-I关系和W-I关系的相关性很好,而N-I、N0-I、λ-I关系的相关性不是很好。     

Model simulations of rainout and washout from a warm stratiform cloud

A one-dimensional, time-dependent cloud model with parameterized microphysics is used to investigate the processes which control the rainout and washout of soluble gases from warm, precipitating stratiform clouds. Calculations are presented simulating the distributions of soluble species within and below the cloud layer and in the precipitating raindrops as a function of time and species' solubility. Our calculations indicate that for species with low solubility, wet removal processes are relatively slow and thus do not significantly affect the species' gas-phase abundance. As a result, the removal of low-solubility species by rainout and washout is controlled by thermodynamic processes with the concentration of the species in cloud and rainwater largely determined by the species' solubility. For highly soluble species on the other hand, dissolution into cloud droplets and removal in rain is quite rapid and the abundance of highly soluble species within and below the cloud falls rapidly as soon as the precipitation begins. Because of this rapid decrease in concentration, we find that for highly soluble species: concentrations in cloud droplets near the cloud base can exceed that of raindrops by factors of 2 to 10; washout can dominate over rainout as a removal mechanism; and that, after an extended period of rainfall, the rate of removal becomes independent of the microphysical properties and rainfall rate of the cloud and is controlled by the rate of transport of material into the precipitating column by horizontal advection.     

Cloud microphysical and precipitation responses to a large-scale forcing in the tropical deep convective regime

Summary Cloud microphysical and precipitation responses to a large-scale forcing in the tropical deep convective regime are investigated based on hourly zonally-averaged, vertically-integrated simulation data from a two-dimensional coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere model. The model is forced by the large-scale vertical velocity and zonal wind observed and derived from TOGA COARE for a 50-day period. The accretion of cloud water by graupel induces growth of graupel that enhances raindrops through its melting during a weak-forcing period, whereas the large deposition rate of vapor associated with a large upper-tropospheric upward motion causes growth of snow from the conversion of cloud ice and enhancement of graupel from the accretion of snow during a strong-forcing period. The local changes of raindrops and graupel switch from the negative to positive values as the forcing strengthens in the weak-forcing case, whereas the variations of cloud hydrometeors are not sensitive to the strength of the forcing in the strong-forcing case. Phase analysis indicates that cloud water leads the surface rain rate by 1 hour. The surface rain rate can be calculated based on the conservation of vapor and cloud hydrometeors and the budget of raindrops. The vapor source and local changes of cloud hydrometeors could have impacts in the calculation of the surface rain rate. The vapor source determines the surface rain rate in the strong-forcing case whereas the cloud variations could become important in the weak-forcing case. In the budget of raindrops, the sum of the collection of cloud water by raindrops, the melting of graupel, and the evaporation of raindrops determines the surface rain rate in the strong-forcing case whereas the other rain-related microphysical processes become important in the weak-forcing case.     

Humidity Effect and Its Influence on the Seasonal Distribution of Precipitation δ18O in Monsoon Regions

The humidity effect, namely the markedly positive correlation between the stable isotopic ratio in precipitation and the dew-point deficit △Td in the atmosphere, is put forward firstly and the relationships between the δ18O in precipitation and △Td are analyzed for the Urumqi and Kunming stations, which have completely different climatic characteristics. Although the seasonal variations in δ18O and △Td exhibit differences between the two stations, their humidity effect is notable. The correlation coefficient and its confidence level of the humidity effect are higher than those of the amount effect at Kunming, showing the marked influence of the humidity conditions in the atmosphere on stable isotopes in precipitation.Using a kinetic model for stable isotopic fractionation, and according to the seasonal distribution of meanmonthly temperature at 500 hPa at Kunming, the variations of the δ18O in condensate in cloud aresimulated. A very good agreement between the seasonal variations of the simulated mean δ18O and themean monthly temperature at 500 hPa is obtained, showing that the oxygen stable isotope in condensateof cloud experiences a temperature effect. Such a result is markedly different from the amount effect atthe ground. Based on the simulations of seasonal variations of δ18O in falling raindrops, it can be foundthat, in the dry season from November to April, the increasing trend with falling distance of δ18O in fallingraindrops corresponds remarkably to the great ATd, showing a strong evaporation enrichment function infalling raindrops; however, in the wet season from May to October, the δ18O in falling raindrops displaysan unapparent increase corresponding to the small ATd, except in May. By comparing the simulated meanδ18O at the ground with the actual monthly δ18O in precipitation, we see distinctly that the two monthlyδ18O variations agree very well. On average, the δ18O values are relatively lower because of the highlymoist air, heavy rainfall, small △Td and weak evaporation enrichment function of stable isotopes in thefalling raindrops, under the influence of vapor from the oceans; but they are relatively higher because of the dry air, light rainfall, great △Td and strong evaporation enrichment function in falling raindrops, under the control of the continental air mass. Therefore, the δ18O in precipitation at Kunming can be used to indicate the humidity situation in the atmosphere to a certain degree, and thus indicate the intensity of the precipitation and the strength of the monsoon indirectly. The humidity effect changes not only the magnitude of the stable isotopic ratio in precipitation but also its seasonal distribution due to its influence on the strength of the evaporation enrichment of stable isotopes in falling raindrops and the direction of the net mass transfer of stable isotopes between the atmosphere and the raindrops. Consequently, it is inferred that the humidity effect is probably one of the foremost causes generating the amount effect.     

利用微雨雷达研究一次冷锋云系降水的垂直结构分布及演变特征

本文利用河北邢台测站Ka波段微雨雷达（MRR）观测到的一次冷锋云系降水过程分析降水的垂直分布及演变特征。将MRR观测结果与天气雷达、地面雨滴谱仪、雨量计观测结果进行对比以检验MRR数据的可靠性。同时将MRR与雨滴谱仪和激光云高仪结合,研究了不同相对湿度阶段特征量、雨滴谱的平均垂直分布特征和降水特征量随时间、高度的演变特征。结果表明:MRR与雨量计及雨滴谱仪累计雨量结果较为接近,趋势一致。MRR 200 m雨强值与地面雨滴谱仪雨强值偏差最小,平均偏差为0.05 mm h?1,相关系数为0.93。相比雨滴谱仪,MRR观测到的小滴数浓度出现高估,大滴数浓度出现低估,中滴数浓度较为一致。降水在云内和云外受不同微物理过程影响,垂直变化特征不同。降水初期平均反射率和雨强在云底以下明显减小,小滴和中滴平均数浓度明显减小,蒸发作用影响较强。而在其余时间段在云内随高度降低平均反射率和雨强略有增加,小滴平均数浓度变化较小,中滴大滴平均数浓度增加,表明云内有云滴与雨滴间的碰并发生。而在云外低层,随高度降低平均有效直径明显增加,平均雨滴总数浓度明显减小,小滴平均数浓度显著减小,大滴平均数浓度显著增加,表明在云外低层雨滴间的碰并作用较强。     

Microphysical Properties of Rainwater in Typhoon Usagi(2013):A Numerical Modeling Study

A 2-km resolution simulation using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Morrison microphysics was employed to investigate the rainwater microphysical properties during different stages of Typhoon Usagi(2013) in the inner-core and outer region. The model reproduced the track, intensity, and overall structure of Usagi(2013) reasonably. The simulated raindrop size distribution showed a rapid increase in small-size raindrop concentration but an oscillated decrease in large-size ones in the inner-core region, corresponding well with the upward motion. It was found that there existed two levels(1.25 and 5.25 km) of maximum number concentration of raindrops. The ice-related microphysics at high levels was stronger than the warm-rain processes at low levels. The larger raindrops formed by self-collection in the inner-core suffered from significant breakup, but the raindrops outside the eyewall did not experience evident breakup. Model results indicated that the dominant terms in the water vapor budget were the horizontal moisture flux convergence(HFC) and local condensation and deposition. The evaporation from the ocean surface(PBL) was ~10% of the HFC in the inner core, but up to 40% in the outer region as the air therein was far from saturation. Furthermore, water vapor in the outer region was obtained equally through evaporation from the cloud and inward transportation from the environment. An earlier start of cloud microphysical processes in the inner-core region was evident during the intensification stage, and the continuous decreasing of condensation in both the inner-core and outer regions might imply the beginning of the storm weakening.     

华北层状云系人工增雨个例数值研究

利用耦合了CAMS详尽云方案和非静力中尺度数值模式MM5V3的CAMS中尺度云分辨模式对2008年3月20—21日环北京地区的一次层状云系降水进行模拟和人工催化数值试验。模拟自然降水分布与实测结果一致,分析微物理特征并在所得分析的基础上进行催化试验。研究在不同催化剂量、高度进行试验对降水的影响。结果表明：在过冷水含量高且冰晶含量低的区域引入人工冰晶可使地面降水增加。引入人工冰晶后催化区域水汽明显减少,云水也有减少,冰晶粒子和雪粒子增加,而且水汽减少的量明显大于过冷云水的减少量。同时催化后550 hPa附近的下沉气流中心变为上升气流,动力、热力效应明显。雪碰并冰晶增长、冰晶转化成雪增长是催化高度附近雪晶增加的主要过程,而催化高度以下,雪碰并过冷云滴增长是雪晶增加的主要过程;雪晶碰并过冷雨滴增长是霰粒子增加的主要过程;雨滴碰并云滴增长是雨滴增长的主要过程。