郑州市近50年高温闷热天气气候特征分析

利用郑州1951～2002年气温资料,统计了郑州市各级高温及闷热天气,并与邻近城市及"三大火炉"城市进行了对比分析.结果表明自20世纪80年代初以来,郑州夏季平均气温演变呈增高趋势,增温幅度大于周边城市,尤其90年代以来高温闷热天气日明显增多,但闷热日数及闷热程度仍不及"三大火炉"城市.     

石家庄的高温闷热天气

高温闷热是一种灾害性天气，对人们的生活和生产均有很大的影响。针对近几年来石家庄频繁发生的高温闷热天气，对比分析了石家庄市与附近大城市及“三大火炉”城市的温度变化和高温闷热特点，并对干热和闷热者了区别分析，总结了它们出现的天气形势特点。     

北京夏季高温闷热天气的气候特征和2008夏季奥运会

利用1951～2000年北京6、7、8月的逐日最高和最低温度资料，统计分析了北京夏季高温天气和闷热天气的逐月、旬、候的分布及持续时间。结果表明，北京夏季高温天气和闷热天气发生概率分别为1／10和1／20，是一个适宜举办奥运会的城市。高温天气主要集中在6月下旬和7月份，逐候分布呈双峰型，分别在6月第6候和7月第5候。闷热天气主要集中在7月中旬到8月上旬，逐候分布也呈双峰型，分别在7月第6候和8月第2候。6月份高温天气较多，但闷热天气很少。8月份高温日数非常稀少，但闷热天气日数还有一定数量。每年至少出现一次持续2天的高温天气，另外还非常有可能出现一次持续3天或3天以上的高温天气(0．84次／年)以及一次2天及2天以上的持续闷热天气(0．88次／年)。高温天气和闷热天气的平均持续日数均约为3天。8月中、下旬，高温天气和闷热天气出现的概率都非常小，是最适宜举办夏季奥运会的时期。     

华北地区夏季高温闷热天气特征的分析

依照日最高温度(Tmax)超过35 ℃为高温天气、最低温度(Tmin)超过25℃为闷热天气的定义,首先,讨论20世纪50年代以后华北地区夏季高温和闷热天气的变化特点及其大气环流的统计特征,并将高温、闷热天气分为高温、高温并闷热以及闷热这3类过程.之后,挑选1999和2002年夏季发生的3类过程进行个例分析.60年代,夏季亚洲中高纬500 hPa高度场在乌拉尔山、贝加尔湖及鄂霍茨克海地区分别出现长波槽、脊及槽的环流占优势,华北地区易受大陆高压脊的控制,出现了高温但不闷热天气的一个高峰.90年代,夏季亚洲中高纬地区,再次出现类似60年代的环流,而且,盛夏西太平洋副热带高压的影响可以向北扩展到华北东部地区.华北地区受大陆高压脊、西太平洋副高或两者共同影响,出现高温闷热天气并重的峰值时段.华北地区夏季出现的3类高温天气过程,亚洲中高纬度的大气环流在空间分布、垂直结构以及湿度和大气稳定度等方面存在明显差异.最后,利用反映温度、湿度及风速大小等气象要素对人体影响的体感温度,分析了这些要素对高温闷热天气的综合影响.     

开封市高温和闷热天气的气候特征

利用1961～2000年开封市观测站5～9月气温、湿度资料，分析了开封高温和闷热天气的气候特征，结果表明，开封持续性高温和持续性闷热天气与副热带高压强弱及位置有很好的对应关系，其它一些因子对高温和闷热天气的出现也有一定的影响。     

百色城气候改变原因的探讨

百色城地处南亚热带(北纬23°55＇),位于云贵高原的边沿,三面环山,东南面为右江河谷盆地,背山面水;由于盆地地形,每逢夏暑季节,白天日照时间长,温度急剧升高,但因周围山岭地势高,使地面向天空辐射散热困难,因而形成高温酷热天气,比之我国“三大火炉”的南京、武汉、重庆三市,毫无逊色,故有“广西火炉”之称。七十年代以来,久居百色城的人都感觉到,天气没过去那么酷热难受了,从历年来的气象资料也有所反映,一些气象因子得到了调节和缓和,这已为大家所公认,但是,促使百色城气候的改变,究竟是什么     

开封市高温和闷热天气的气候特征

利用1961～2000年开封市观测站5～9月气温、湿度资料,分析了开封高温和闷热天气的气候特征,结果表明,开封持续性高温和持续性闷热天气与副热带高压强弱及位置有很好的对应关系,其它一些因子对高温和闷热天气的出现也有一定的影响.     

1957—2010年石家庄城市闷热天气的影响因素分析

用石家庄站和同纬度城镇站(深州、晋州)1957—2010年的观测资料分析闷热日数、闷热指数的年代际变化和两站间的差异,以及14时气温、相对湿度和绝对湿度的年代际变化。结果表明:1957—2010年,石家庄的闷热天气呈增多趋势;城镇站则表现出多-少-多的双峰型演变。石家庄的闷热天气与14时气温的变化一致,闷热程度增强,气温起主要作用;深州的闷热天气与14时气温和湿度变化有关,且湿度起主要作用。受城市化的影响,石家庄的热岛效应自20世纪80年代末开始逐渐强于深州,干岛效应20世纪90年代中期以后明显加强。石家庄闷热天气主要由城市热岛效应和全球变暖引起,城市干岛效应引起的湿度下降抵消了一部分闷热天气发生的可能性。     

涪陵高温闷热天气的气候特征分析

采用涪陵逐日极端最高、最低气温资料,对涪陵的高温闷热天气进行了深入系统的研究,揭示了涪陵高温闷热天气的发生、分布和时空变化特征.结果表明高温日数、极端最高、最低气温的线性趋势均为下降趋势,而闷热天气的线性趋势呈上升趋势.高温、闷热天气以及极端最高、最低气温之间有着不同的多尺度时间变化特征,且后者较前者复杂.     

我国东部主要城市夏季高温气候特征及预测

利用我国东部地区1961～2002年夏季(6～8月)高温资料，探讨了上述地区主要城市高温气候特征，建立该地区高温及强高温过程较完整的时间序列。分析我国东部地区石家庄、南京、福州等12城市夏季高温气候特征。观测结果表明，石家庄测站强高温过程期间干热和闷热天气持续时间不长，极端气温高、日平均风速小、日平均相对湿度小；南京和福州测站强高温过程期间闷热天气持续时间长，极端气温高、日平均风速小、日平均相对湿度大。近年来夏季月平均日照时数在减少。东亚副热带高压和大陆变性高压是造成我国东部地区城市夏季高温的主要影响系统，强盛并持续副热带高压和大陆变性高压控制是我国东部地区高温日数和强高温过程偏多的主要原因。在此基础上用均生函数——最佳子回归集建立月气候预测模型，能较好地预测夏季月高温日数，预测误差不大，预测模型具有一定的稳定性，有应用价值。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;