十年来我国气候学研究的成就

解放以后,社会主义经济建设的迅速发展,大大推动了气候学的研究。气候是许多建设事业中必须考虑的自然因子之一,各个生产部门对于气候资料、图集和气候学研究的需要,随着经济建设的发展,愈来愈普遍。但是旧中国所遗留下来的一些旧气候资料、图集和气候学的研究著作,已经远远不能满足当前的需要了。因此,在解放后的最初几年,对于整理气候资料和编绘新的气候图集投入了相当大的力量。同时在新的气候资料的基础上,进行了多种方面的气候学问题的研究。最近十年来我国气候学研究有两个特点,一     

新书架上

《气候学》罗汉民等编,1980年10月气象出版社出版,247页。本书讲述了气候学的基本原理和方法。全书共分九章,从气候形成的因子(太阳辐射、大气环流和地理条件等)入手,介绍了必要的基本概念和我国气候基本特征及其形成原因。此外,对气候分类、气候变迁、气候调查、气候资料的统计整编以及应用气候等     

气候统计学在气候学研究中的重要性

我们应当努力用统计学理论,使统计气候学发展为气候学的主要理论基础,因为统计气候学在气候数值化过程中所起的重要作用最为重要。气候学和天气学的数值化理论与方法有根本性的差异。短期的天气变化可主要依据确定性动力方程对高层天气变化进行数值模拟,而气候变化的数值模拟应主要依据随机动力模式为宜,因为气候变量是随机变量。在气候应用方面只有地面气候变化规律最为重要,而且长期（逐年、逐月、甚或逐日）气候时空各种变化特征、分型分类以及分区长期预报,也正是统计气候学研究的任务,所以气候学数值化的任务应以统计气候学为主…     

我国现有短期气候业务预测方法综述

对我国短期气候业务预测方法的综合分析表明 :我国现有的短期气候业务预测经验和统计方法仍是主要的 ;物理因子和前兆强信号结合天气气候学分析的概念预测模型方法在业务预测中发挥重要作用 ;动力模式预测方法在业务预测中取得一定效果 .随着动力模式的进一步发展 ,短期气候业务预测将逐步走向以动力模式客观预报为指导预报的新阶段     

聊城气候变化特征及其对农业生产的影响

对聊城市４２年来的气候资料进行分析,找出主要家业气候学因子的变化规律和特征,论证了气候变化对聊城市农业生产的影响。     

气候研究的现状

一、气候学领域中的科学革命近来气候学发生了重大变革,也就是人们经常谈到的气候学领域中发生的一场科学革命。过去的气候学基本上是一门经验学科,虽然揭示了现代和古代气候的许多重要规律,但却不能用来定量地解释气侯的成因和许多其他有重大科学及实际意义的问题。在七十年代,气候学发生了变革,这种变革的主要特征有两点:第一、在气候研究上广泛地应用了近代大气物理的理论和实验方法。建立了气候理论模式,对气象观测资料进行详细的统计分析,成功地发展了气候对各种自然过程(包括水文体系、植物生长和地理局地性)发生影响的数值模拟。在观测资料中,除利用常规的地面气象观测资料外,越来越广泛地应用海洋探测中获得的日射资料和高空观测资料以及卫     

《气候与人类》评介

七十年代以来,一系列的国际会议,如联合国环境大会、联合国粮食大会、世界水资源大会、世界沙漠化大会、世界气候大会、国际干旱会议等,均认为气候是影响粮食、能源和其他自然资源最为敏感和最难预测的环境因子。人类要获得足夠的粮食和资源,以应付日益增加的人口压力,也就必须分析和研究气候问题以及气候与社会的相互作用。这种志势使得气候工作迅速推进,气候研究的领域迅速扩充,超出了经典气候学的范畴。迄今为止,已有几部气候学的专著概     

应用气候学的某些问题

气候学是古老的学科之一,它对人类生产力的发展一直起着促进作用。由于气候对社会经济和社会生活的影响,产生了应用气候学。1979年在日内瓦召开了世界气候会议,对应用气候学的意义有了比较全面的认识。关于应用气候的一系列国际会议、讨论会、讲习班,按需要对应用气候学做了进一步     

地理气候学与气候地理学

(一) 气候与地理的关系是气象工作者与地理工作者都颇感兴趣的问题,但是长期以来并未引起人们认真的讨论。气象工作者多年来较多地注意到气候的物理方面,认为气候学属于大气科学。然而,气候现象是有严格地域性的,若不注意气候的地理方面,气候学的发展将受到限制。另方面,地理学家在研究气候的时候,由于着重于气候事实的描述,不注意气候构成的物理机制,因而说明气候事实的联系就发生困难。从学科的观点出发,气候学应是大气科学与自然地理学之间的边缘科学。例如,E.T.斯特林格(Striger,1972)认为:“气候的物理问题涉及到气象学与地理学两者的研究”。从方法论和所研究的内容考虑,气候学现在主要有四个分支,即统计气候学,天气气候学,动力气候学和地理气候学。 不过应该特别说明,地理气候学与现在的气候地理学并不相同。气候地理学认为气候是一种地理现象。     

对气候定义的一点认识

气候的定义和气候学的内容,关系十分密切。在当前,现代化建设对气候学提出了较高的要求;因此,我们就气候学的基本问题——气候定义提出一点初步的看法,供人家讨论。     

雷达资料与中尺度数值预报的融合方法研究及其在临近预报中的应用

通过融合多普勒天气雷达资料与中尺度数值预报产品,发展了一种便于临近预报业务使用的方法。该方法首先通过相关分析计算当前相同时刻雷达估测降水与中尺度数值预报的反射率因子估测降水之间的位置偏差,导出一个位移偏差矢量场;然后,利用人机交互的方式对矢量场进行分区,并对各分区的矢量场进行平滑处理,计算出各分区的平均位移偏差矢量;最后,采用最小二乘法对各分区连续多次的平均位移偏差矢量进行线性拟合,得到各分区平均位移偏差矢量随时间的变化特征,订正未来时段相应区域的数值预报反射率因子估测降水的位置偏差。利用该方法对2012和2013年夏季发生在重庆西部、四川东部的3次强降水天气过程进行临近预报试验并对预报结果进行了检验,结果表明:对0~2 h的临近预报,融合预报效果总体上优于模式预报效果;另外,与雷达外推定量降水预报相比,0~1 h雷达外推预报效果优于融合预报效果,1~2 h融合预报效果优于雷达外推预报效果。     

Exploring the phase-strength asymmetry of the North Atlantic Oscillation using conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation

Negative-phase North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) events are generally stronger than positive-phase ones, i.e., there is a phase-strength asymmetry of the NAO. In this work, we explore this asymmetry of the NAO using the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation(CNOP) method with a three-level global quasi-geostrophic spectral model. It is shown that, with winter climatological flow forcing, the CNOP method identifies the perturbations triggering the strongest NAO event under a given initial constraint. Meanwhile, the phase-strength asymmetry characteristics of the NAO can be revealed. By comparing with linear results, we find that the process of perturbation self-interaction promotes the onset of negative NAO events, which is much stronger than during positive NAO onset. Results are obtained separately using the climatological and zonal-mean flows in boreal winter(December–February) 1979–2006 as the initial basic state. We conclude, based on the fact that NAO onset is a nonlinear initial-value problem, that phase-strength asymmetry is an intrinsic characteristic of the NAO.     

Seasonal evolution of the West African heat low: a climatological perspective

The West African heat low (WAHL), a region of high surface temperatures and low surface pressures, is a key element of the West African monsoon system. In this study, we propose a method to detect the WAHL in order to monitor its climatological seasonal displacement over West Africa during the period 1979–2001, using the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) ERA-40 reanalyses. The low-level atmospheric thickness (LLAT), a variable defined as the difference of geopotential heights at 700 and 925 hPa, is used to detect the dilatation of these levels generated by an increase of the temperature. We define grid points with 10% highest values of the LLAT as the WAHL. We show that our method reliably positions the WAHL over areas of high surface temperatures and low surface pressures, and that it is effective at detecting heat lows. In the course of the year, the climatological WAHL is shown to migrate north-westward from a position south of the Darfur mountains in the winter (November–March) to a location over the Sahara, between the Hoggar and the Atlas mountains, during the summer (June–September). The temperature tendency equation is used to investigate the processes controlling the displacement of the WAHL, and more particularly the heating at low levels. The specific period of the onset of the WAHL in its summer location over the Sahara (referred to as the Saharan heat low -SHL- onset) is also analysed during the 1984–2001 period, using complementary brightness temperature data from the European Union-funded Cloud Archive User Service (CLAUS). The climatological onset of the SHL occurs around 20 June, i.e. just before the climatological monsoon onset date. The present study suggests that the onset of the WAHL occurs approximately 5 days before the monsoon onset for the 1984–2001 period. This is confirmed independently by comparing the SHL onset date and the monsoon onset date for the 1984–2001 period. The seasonal evolution of the WAHL for the year 2006 (the year of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis project Special Observation Period) is analysed and compared with the climatological results. The operational ECMWF analyses were used for that purpose. Except in April, the spatial distribution of the WAHL remains relatively unchanged and agrees with the climatology. The onset of the SHL in 2006 occurs on 18 June, which is close to the climatological date, in spite of the delay in the onset of the rainy season in Sahel.     

闭合气压系统中心分布特征量及应用

用单位半径球面上闭合气压系统环流指数P（强度）、C（中心位置）的多年序列,构造了历年系统中心在C-周围分布的3个特征量：1）平均距离r,它定义为历年系统中心C偏离于气候中心C-（即中心位置异常C′）的权重几何平均距离,是系统中心分布区域大小的度量;2）压缩系数μ,它描述了历年系统中心分布区域偏离于圆形的程度,是历年系统中心位置分布各向异性的度量;3）极大异常方向β,它用系统中心极大异常偏离-C处正东方向的角度,给出了系统中心的主要异常方向。对1948—2007年6、7、8月100hPa南亚高压中心位置分布特征量的计算结果表明,它们能简要、精确地描述系统中心位置异常在球面上的分布特征。根据r、μ、β的定义,它们也适用于精确描述球面上其他要素场中闭合系统中心在球面上的分布特征。     

Predictability of the 500 hPa Height Field

The dimensions of attractors and predictability are estimated from phase space trajectories of observed 500 hPa height over the Northern Hemisphere. As a first estimate the dimensions of attractors are about 11.5 and the doubling time of the initial error is 6 to 7 days for original data. But the former is shorter and the latter is longer for low frequency data set.To verify if the predictability estimated by this method and by general circulation model is identical, the doubling time of the initial error of a model data set by both methods is estimated. It is shown that the predictability obtained from phase space trajectories is overestimated to sufficient small initial error. But it is underestimated to the time being equal to the climatological RMS error.     

Prediction of the Madden�CJulian oscillation with the POAMA dynamical prediction system

Predictions of the Madden?CJulian oscillation (MJO) are assessed using a 10-member ensemble of hindcasts from POAMA, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology coupled ocean?Catmosphere seasonal prediction system. The ensemble of hindcasts was initialised from observed atmosphere and ocean initial conditions on the first of each month during 1980?C2006. The MJO is diagnosed using the Wheeler-Hendon Real-time Multivariate MJO (RMM) index, which involves projection of daily data onto the leading pair of eigenmodes from an analysis of zonal winds at 200 and 850?hPa and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) averaged about the equator. Forecasts of the two component (RMM1 and RMM2) index are quantitatively compared with observed behaviour derived from NCEP reanalyses and satellite OLR using the bivariate correlation skill, root-mean-square error (RMSE), and measures of the MJO amplitude and phase error. Comparison is also made with a simple vector autoregressive (VAR) prediction model of RMM as a benchmark. Using the full hindcast set, we find that the MJO can be predicted with the POAMA ensemble out to about 21?days as measured by the bivariate correlation exceeding 0.5 and the bivariate RMSE remaining below ~1.4 (which is the value for a climatological forecast). The VAR model, by comparison, drops to a correlation of 0.5 by about 12?days. The prediction limit from POAMA increases by less than 2?days for times when the MJO has large initial amplitude, and has little sensitivity to the initial phase of the MJO. The VAR model, on the other hand, shows a somewhat larger increase in skill for times of strong MJO variability and has greater sensitivity to initial phase, with lower skill for times when MJO convection is developing in the Indian Ocean. The sensitivity to season is, however, greater for POAMA, with maximum skill occurring in the December?CJanuary?CFebruary season and minimum skill in June?CJuly?CAugust. Examination of the MJO amplitudes shows that individual POAMA members have slightly above observed amplitude after a spin-up of about 10?days, whereas examination of the MJO phase error reveals that the model has a consistent tendency to propagate the MJO slightly slower than observed. Finally, an estimate of potential predictability of the MJO in POAMA hindcasts suggests that actual MJO prediction skill may be further improved through continued development of the dynamical prediction system.     

Verification of a Synthesized Method for the Calculation of Low-Level Climatological Wind Fields Using a Mesoscale Boundary-Layer Model

Low-level climatological wind fields over the La Plata River region of South America are synthesized with a dry, hydrostatic mesoscale boundary-layer numerical model. The model is forced at the upper boundary with the 1200 UTC local radiosonde observations and at the lower boundary with a land-river differential heating function defined from the daily meteorological observations of the region. The climatological wind field is defined as the mean value of a series of individual daily forecasts, employing two methods. The simplified method considers a 192-member ensemble (16 wind directions and 12 wind-speed classes at the upper boundary). Each member has a probability of occurrence that is determined from the 1959–1984 observations; the daily method uses a total of 3,248 days with available data during the same period. In both methods each realization is a daily forecast from which the mean wind distributions at 0300, 0900, 1500 and 2100 local standard time are calculated and compared to the observations of five meteorological stations in the region. The validation of the climatological wind fields for both methods is evaluated by means of the root-mean-square error of the wind-direction frequency distribution and mean wind speed by wind sector. The results obtained with the two methods are similar, and the errors in wind speed are always smaller than those in wind direction. The combined errors of wind direction and wind speed show that the ensemble method is outperformed by the daily method, on average by meteorological station in only one out of five of them, and on average by the time of the day in only one out of 4 h. The conclusion of the study is that the ensemble method is an appropriate methodology for determining high resolution, low-level climatological wind fields, with the boundary-layer model applied to a region with a strong diurnal cycle of surface thermal contrast. The proposed methodology is of particular utility for synthesizing wind fields over regions with limited meteorological observations, since the 192-member matrix can be easily defined with few observing points, as well as in the case of relatively incomplete records.     

气象台站历史沿革信息及其对观测资料序列均一性影响的初步分析

气象台站历史沿革信息包含了可能影响气候资料序列均一性的重要信息, 是分析、检验、订正气候资料序列的科学参考依据。文章介绍了气象台站历史沿革信息的基本内容及我国气象台站变动的基本情况, 通过对气象观测资料比较分析, 说明台站迁移、环境变化、观测仪器类型以及观测时制改变, 直接影响到观测记录的比较性和连续性, 对长年代气候资料序列的均一性也有不同程度的影响。     

Meridional Displacement of the East Asian Upper-tropospheric Westerly Jet and Its Relationship with the East Asian Summer Rainfall in CMIP5 Simulations

As the first leading mode of upper-tropospheric circulation in observations, the meridional displacement of the East Asian westerly jet (EAJ) varies closely with the East Asian rainfall in summer. In this study, the interannual variation of the EAJ meridional displacement and its relationship with the East Asian summer rainfall are evaluated, using the historical simulations of CMIP5 (phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project). The models can generally reproduce the meridional displacement of the EAJ, which is mainly manifested as the first principal mode in most of the simulations. For the relationship between the meridional displacement of the EAJ and East Asian rainfall, almost all the models depict a weaker correlation than observations and exhibit considerably large spread across the models. It is found that the discrepancy in the interannual relationship is closely related to the simulation of the climate mean state, including the climatological location of the westerly jet in Eurasia and rainfall bias in South Asia and the western North Pacific. In addition, a close relationship between the simulation discrepancy and intensity of EAJ variability is also found: the models with a stronger intensity of the EAJ meridional displacement tend to reproduce a closer interannual relationship, and vice versa.     

Investigating the relationship of meteorological/climatological conditions and wildfires in Greece

During the last decades, wildfires have received growing attention because of their major impact on the natural and anthropogenic infrastructures worldwide. The present paper focuses on investigating the relationship between the meteorological/climatological conditions and wildfires in Greece on a variety of temporal and spatial scales. This is performed through the identification of the mean surface temperature, the sea-level pressure, and the absolute humidity anomalies during wildfires at 26 meteorological stations covering both maritime and land environments in the Greek domain and the subsequent construction of the derived GIS surface contour maps. A case study analysis through composite anomaly maps of temperature, pressure, precipitable water, 500-hPa geopotential height, specific humidity, and vector wind is also performed. It is concluded that positive surface temperature, absolute/specific humidity, 500-hPa geopotential height, and vector wind anomalies are observed during wildfires while sea-level pressures are anomalously negative. Furthermore, western regions display lower magnitude anomalies compared to the more central and central-eastern regions during wildfires. The above meteorological/climatological findings in conjunction with medium range to seasonal climate forecasts could be used by wildfire risk managers to provide increased wildfire prediction accuracy and thus benefit many aspects of the natural and built environment.