陕北黄土高原夏季2次典型强对流天气环境参量对比

利用常规气象资料,对榆林2013年8月4日(简称"8·4过程")和2017年7月23日(简称"7·23过程")两次不同类型的极端强对流天气综合分析,通过比较环境参量,将两类强对流天气分为混合型强对流("8·4过程")和强降水型强对流("7·23过程")天气,并给出两类强对流天气不同参量的预报参考阈值。结果表明:(1)地面温度T、地面露点温度Td、比湿q、水汽通量散度等环境参量反映了天气区高温高湿的特性;对流有效位能CAPE、假相当位温θse、T850-500、θse850-500、T-Td等环境参量反映了不稳定条件;850～500hPa垂直风切变和地面风速等环境参量反映对流触发和抬升力。(2)主要参量的参考阈值:混合型强对流天气,T850-500≥28℃,(T-Td)700≥22℃,地面风速≥4m/s;强降水型强对流天气,θse850≥87℃,q850≥17g/kg,地面温度T≥32℃。     

两次强对流天气的热力不稳定条件对比分析

利用常规高空和地面观测资料、西安探空资料、陕西省闪电定位监测等资料,对2010年8月陕西关中东部的两次强对流天气过程影响系统及其热力不稳定条件进行对比分析。结果表明：两次强对流天气具有相似的环流背景,都是副热带高压西伸北抬,河套西部有西风槽东移,为副高边缘的对流天气。不同的是影响系统不同,8月12日过程西风槽的垂直结构为前倾槽结构,且地面存在明显的中尺度辐合线,使8月12日过程的对流天气强于8月18日过程。两次强对流天气过程都具备较好的热力不稳定条件,主要表现为：强的垂直温度梯度和上干冷下暖湿的垂直热力结构特征,8月12日过程高空冷空气更强T-logp图上的“喇叭口”型探空曲线、不稳定能量区、风的垂直切变等对流性特征反映明显;两次过程各对流参数在强对流发生前后演变趋势基本一致,对流有效位能（CAPE）剧增、对流抑制能量（CIN）剧减明显。K大于39℃、△θ_se（500-850）小于-20℃,对流有效位能值大于1600J／kg,对对流天气的预测、强度判别具有较好的指示意义。     

沈阳地区强对流天气潜势预报环境参数特征分析

利用常规探空观测和WRF分析场等资料,分析了2005—2014年沈阳地区强对流天气的气候背景特征、演变规律及日变化特征等,将强对流天气划分为冰雹、雷暴大风(≥17.2 m·s-1)、短时强降水(≥20 mm·h-1)和混合型4种类型;并分析探空资料在强对流天气潜势预报中的作用,着重探讨14时(02时)探空资料对沈阳地区强对流天气短时临近潜势预报的作用。结果表明:2005—2014年沈阳地区4种强对流天气中,以短时强降水天气发生次数最多,其次为雷暴大风天气,冰雹天气的发生次数最少,多数强对流天气发生在午后至傍晚。由合成T-Log P图的温湿廓线可知,沈阳地区短时强降水天气发生时中低层存在显著湿区,与雷暴大风和冰雹为主的强对流天气温湿廓线明显不同,多数合成T-Log P图的显著特点为中层大气干燥。冰雹型强对流天气的0℃层和-20℃层高度明显低于其他强对流天气类型的高度;冰雹型强对流天气T700-T500和T850-T500显著大于短时强降水型及雷暴大风型强对流天气,且T850-T500的指示意义更好;4种强对流天气类型平均SI均出现了正值,说明SI失去了不稳定性的指示意义;短时强降水天气的K指数明显高于冰雹天气;雷暴大风天气发生时对流有效位能明显小于其他强对流天气类型。可见,WRF中尺度模式中的T-Log P预报图对沈阳地区强对流天气的预报具有一定的指导意义。     

中国短时强对流天气的若干环境参数特征分析

利用中国2005-2009年2 000多个国家级气象观测站雨量资料和2002-2011年部分探空站探空资料,研究了中国短时强降水、强冰雹、雷暴大风以及混合型强对流天气的环境参数特征,通过环境参数特征的对比分析,将上述四种强对流天气加以区分,并对所选取的探空数据和环境参数进行了分类和对比分析,结果表明:(1)通过T-logp图温湿曲线形态、500～700 hPa和850～500 hPa温差、0℃、20℃层和平衡层高度、地面和1.5 km高度的露点温度、1.5 km高度温度露点差、对流有效位能和0～6 km垂直风切变等区分上述四种类型强对流天气的环境背景;(2)纯粹短时强降水天气(包括1、II型)与强冰雹天气、雷暴大风天气环境参数的区别比较显著,前者与后两者相比主要表现在较小的700～500 hPa和850～500 hPa温差,弱的垂直风切变,较高的0℃层、-20℃层和平衡层高度,较大的地面和地面以上1.5 km处的露点温度,其中短时强降水I型(占了纯粹短时强降水的大多数)以其整层较高的相对湿度与其他类型强对流的环境背景差异最为明显;(3)混合型强天气与强冰雹天气、雷暴大风天气在T-logp图温湿曲线形态、对流有效位能及0～6 km垂直风切变诸方面特征相似,表现为对流层中层存在明显干层、较大的对流有效位能和0～6 km垂直风切变,但在相对较高的平衡层高度、较高地面和地面以上1.5 km处露点温度及较小的850～500hPa温差等方面与纯粹短时强降水更为接近.     

用探空资料检验中尺度数值模式对强对流天气的诊断分析能力

提高对流天气临近预报准确率的关键问题之一是了解大气的垂直稳定度和垂直风切变。中尺度数值模式产品提供了高时空分辨率的大气稳定度和垂直风切变信息，需要首先检验其精度才能进一步考虑其在对流天气预报中的应用。利用北京加密探空资料检验北京市气象局3km分辨率的MM5模式结果，对强对流天气的背景参数包括温湿风垂直廓线、对流有效位能CAPE和垂直风切变进行模式分析和预报与探空对比检验。结果表明：模式模拟的各种大气廓线中，风廓线和温度廓线都具有一定的参考价值，与实况有较好的一致性，但在廓线出现转折的地方，如：逆温层和风向转折时，模式预报较差。露点（湿度）廓线的预报误差较大，不能反映出真实水汽场的分布。因此，模式预报的深层（地面至500hPa）垂直风切变与探空具有较好的一致性，而模式给出的对流有效位能CAPE由于露点预报结果不理想，其值与实际偏差较大。因此模式输出的对流有效位能CAPE必须经过适当订正才能用于诊断强对流天气发生的可能性。     

江西秋季一次区域性强对流天气过程的模拟分析

利用常规地面观测资料、卫星辐射率资料以及NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,采用中尺度数值模式WRF及其三维变分同化模块,对2009年11月9日江西的一次区域性秋季强对流天气过程进行数值模拟,探讨了此次强对流天气过程发生发展的物理机制。结果表明:(1)江西省基本均处于K指数大于36℃高值区,具备热力不稳定能量,K指数很好地反映此次过程的热力条件;(2)强的垂直风切变,为此次强对流提供发展的能量;(3)Δt850-500达到26℃,具有强垂直温度梯度;(4)此次强对流过程中,对流层中高层的干侵入可以向下伸展至700 hPa高度层以下,有利于对流不稳定能量在低层的积聚,对流不稳定能量的释放可以将低层的暖湿气流向上输送至较高的层次,加强了强对流天气的发生。     

NCEP再分析资料与江西强对流探空资料对比检验分析

选取2000—2016年江西省南昌、赣州两站及其附近半径为50 km范围内的强对流天气过程个例,对比分析常规探空资料和NCEP再分析资料提取的温、湿、风垂直廓线及其输出量,检验NCEP再分析资料在江西省强对流天气分析的适用性。结果表明:1)NCEP再分析资料与探空资料温度差异非常小,500 hPa高度层以下露点误差也在1℃以内,而500 hPa高度层以上随着高度增加误差也明显的增大。基于温湿计算的大气能量物理量CAPE值可靠性较低,而基于中低层温湿条件计算的K指数和Δt_(850-500)参考性较高。2)NCEP再分析资料与探空资料的垂直风速切变基本在1 m/s之内,越往高层垂直风切变越小,差值在0.4 m/s以下。两种资料计算的高低层风垂直切变均拟合的非常好。3)NCEP再分析资料显示低层偏干而中层略偏湿,低层偏干使CAPE偏小,中层偏湿不利于产生雷暴大风、冰雹等强对流天气,降低了灾害性强对流天气产生的概率。边界层风场预报偏弱也会弱化强对流辐合触发的条件的分析。总体来说,两种资料的基本物理量以及一些输出量偏差较小,可用于江西省强对流天气的分析。     

基于集合预报极端天气预测指数的浙江分类强对流预报模型

利用2016—2021年ECWMF集合预报资料、浙江自动站实况资料等，计算浙江短时强降水、雷暴大风和冰雹等强对流天气相关物理量的极端天气预报指数（EFI：Extreme Forecast Index），分析EFI分布特征，并构建了分类强对流预报模型。结果表明：强对流天气与物理量的EFI有密切联系，发生短时强降水时，对流有效位能、整层可降水量、850 hPa与500 hPa温差和位温差的EFI较大，而垂直风切变的EFI为负值，因而较小的垂直风切变更有利于出现极端降水；发生雷暴大风和冰雹时，对流有效位能、850 hPa与500 hPa温差和位温差以及850 hPa温度露点差的EFI较大，700 hPa露点温度的EFI为负值，与上层干冷下层暖湿的有利层结条件有关。利用支持向量机多分类方法，将强对流天气相关物理量的EFI作为特征值开展训练，构建的预报模型对于非局地强对流天气有较好的预报效果，其中短时强降水的误判率明显低于雷暴大风。     

利用探空资料确定呼和浩特地区3类强对流天气预警阈值

利用呼和浩特探空站计算的16个物理量,分析了2012—2016年6—8月呼和浩特地区的冰雹、雷暴大风及短时强降水天气过程中各物理量差异,结果表明:①订正后的(对流有效位能)CAPE大于等于1000J·kg-1、0℃层高度约4200m左右,-20℃层约在7200m左右,500hPa和850hPa温差达-25℃,逆温层高度在2km以上基本可以判定为冰雹天气;②短时强降水对水汽的依赖度更高,且具有更强的热力不稳定性,低层的温度露点差、500hPa与850hPa的假相当位温差Δθse(500-850)、大气可降水量PW也是短时强降水天气的重要判据;③订正后的(下沿对流有效位能)DCAPE值雷暴大风明显大于冰雹和短时强降水,约为其他2类强对流天气的2倍,订正后的CAPE略小于其他2类强对流天气。根据四分位数法、所占比例≥70%以及均值法界定各类预报因子阈值大小,进而确立了呼和浩特地区强对流天气预警指标。经检验均值法确定的阈值指标命中率均达到50%以上,可参考价值较高。     

2003年4月江西一次强对流天气过程的诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、TBB资料、探空资料及多普勒雷达资料等对2003年4月12日发生在江西以及福建北部的强对流天气过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:此次强对流天气过程是在高空槽和低层低涡切变线的有利形势下产生的, 这种下层暖湿、上层干冷的对流不稳定层结非常有利于强对流天气的产生; 强对流天气发生发展伴有多个中尺度对流云团东移南压的演变过程; 多普勒雷达资料分析表明, 冰雹发生时可观测到79 dBz的反射率因子极值并伴有弓状回波; 对流有效位能积累、释放随时间的演变过程, 对于此次强对流天气过程有很好的指示意义; 强对流天气发生前高层的干冷空气倾斜状向下侵入到对流层中低层附近, 对此次强对流天气的发生发展起了非常重要的作用; 能量锋区及锋区上强的垂直涡柱为该次强对流天气过程提供了有利的热力和动力学条件。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.