日本短期数值预报、绍兴MOS预报、预报员综合预报的检验分析

通过对日本短期数值产品、ＭＯＳ和预报员对２００１年绍兴市降水和温度预报效果的检验、对比和分析，从中得到一些启示，对做好短期天气预报工作有一定的参考作用。     

数值预报产品在短期降水分级预报中的应用

和１９９４、９５年７－８月Ｔ６３数值预报产品，结合日本ＦＳＦＥ０２、０３资料，研制出东营市各站汛期短期降水分级ＭＯＳ预报系统。     

卡尔曼滤波方法预报因子的选择

利用ECMWF格点资料，设计了5种不同的预报因子选择方案，运用卡尔曼滤波方法制作1999年11月－2000年2月逐日14时温度预报，通过考察准确率，均方差，平均绝对误差，确定了最优因子选择方案。     

高分辨率有限区务数值预报模式及降水预报试验

该文介绍了国家气象中心在原业务有限区模式基础上开发的一个新的高分辨率有限区模式，该模式除分辨率提高外，其主要改进表现在：１．增加了地面土壤过程，地面辐射过程，地面摩擦及边界层垂直湍流输送；２．积云对流参数化方案改用质量通量方案取代了原来的Ｋｕｏ方案。文章还对模式的准业务运行结果作了较全面地评述。     

日本细网格模式物理量预报产品在宜晶市初夏降水预报中的应用

针对宜昌市初夏短期降水预报的需要，在分析结降水前日本细网格模式物理量预报场分布特征的基础上，选取关键区及相关指标，配其它预报工具，建立地初夏降水预报方法。     

气候集成预报的初步探讨

将气候集成预报的ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏｓ模拟方法应用到带有门限的海气耦合随机动力模式中。利用相空间概念确定报误差,对不同相变量初值随机扰动的概率密度分布函数以及ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ模拟的集成样本数进行了最佳选择试验。     

基于能量模型的水稻生长模型

该文考虑生命活动与物质交换和能量流动的关系,从热力学出发,引入一维能量模型。在一维能量模型的基础上,将水稻对外界能量的摄取能力与水稻生长季中的气温变化规律联系起来,建立在气温变化条件下水稻的生长模型。结合气温增长率、水稻最适气温和不同阶段的生物量,以徐士良单形调优算法为基础,利用Forcal二维方程参数拟合,得到关于水稻自然增长率、气温波幅和初始值等参数的最优拟合。将最优拟合数据代入水稻的生长模型,拟合得到水稻的生长曲线和水稻生长随气温的变化趋势。以水稻的生长模型为基础,定性分析水稻的临界气温和最大生长率出现时间。通过分析发现,水稻生长季的临界气温与气温增长率无关;水稻的最大生长率出现时间为水稻分蘖后期、孕穗期。为考虑异常气温对水稻生长的影响,利用Matlab对水稻分蘖期低温和生殖生长期高温的水稻生长进行模拟,结果表明:水稻后期高温对产量影响比前期受低温影响严重。     

GRAPES全球模式的模式误差估计

现代数值天气模式考虑的物理过程和边界条件越来越复杂, 但是它描述的大气状态和真实的大气流体运动轨迹还有一定的差距, 存在模式误差。在以往的研究中, 模式误差往往被忽略, 在集合卡尔曼滤波同化系统中, 如果忽略模式误差会导致滤波发散现象。本文用不同分辨率的模式预报差异估计了GRAPES全球模式的模式误差, 研究发现模式误差随着分辨率降低而线性增加, 而且模式误差随着预报时效的增加呈现线性增长的趋势。     

Coupling a Terrestrial Biogeochemical Model to the Common Land Model

A terrestrial biogeochemical model (CASACNP) was coupled to a land surface model (the Common Land Model,CoLM) to simulate the dynamics of carbon substrate in soil and its limitation on soil respiration.The combined model,CoLM CASACNP,was able to predict long-term carbon sources and sinks that CoLM alone could not.The coupled model was tested using measurements of belowground respiration and surface fluxes from two forest ecosystems.The combined model simulated reasonably well the diurnal and seasonal variations of net ecosystem carbon exchange,as well as seasonal variation in the soil respiration rate of both the forest sites chosen for this study.However,the agreement between model simulations and actual measurements was poorer under dry conditions.The model should be tested against more measurements before being applied globally to investigate the feedbacks between the carbon cycle and climate change.     

LICOM Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project

The datasets of two Ocean Model Intercomparison Project(OMIP)simulation experiments from the LASG/IAP Climate Ocean Model,version 3(LICOM3),forced by two different sets of atmospheric surface data,are described in this paper.The experiment forced by CORE-II(Co-ordinated Ocean–Ice Reference Experiments,Phase II)data(1948–2009)is called OMIP1,and that forced by JRA55-do(surface dataset for driving ocean–sea-ice models based on Japanese 55-year atmospheric reanalysis)data(1958–2018)is called OMIP2.First,the improvement of LICOM from CMIP5 to CMIP6 and the configurations of the two experiments are described.Second,the basic performances of the two experiments are validated using the climatological-mean and interannual time scales from observation.We find that the mean states,interannual variabilities,and long-term linear trends can be reproduced well by the two experiments.The differences between the two datasets are also discussed.Finally,the usage of these data is described.These datasets are helpful toward understanding the origin system bias of the fully coupled model.     

GRAPES全球切线性和伴随模式的调优

伴随技术是四维变分同化（4DVar）系统中计算代价函数梯度的最佳办法,切线性和伴随模式的效果和效率直接影响着4DVar系统的发展。基于GRAPES（Global and Regional Assimilation PrEdiction System）全球切线性和伴随模式1.0版本,利用GRAPES全球模式2.0版本在并行框架和性能等方面的改善,重新优化和设计了GRAPES全球切线性伴随模式2.0版本,提高了GRAPES全球切线性和伴随模式的效果和效率,优化了切线性模式程序结构,使其计算时间最优可控制在非线性模式的1.2倍以内;采用在切线性模式中保存基态的方法,重构了伴随模式的程序结构,使其计算时间最优控制在非线性模式的1.5倍以内;在GRAPES全球切线性物理过程的设计中,将线性物理过程的轨迹基态计算和切线性扰动计算解耦,提高了GRAPES全球切线性和伴随模式的计算效果和效率。     

区域气候模式中地表径流方案的数值试验

建立了不均匀的地表径流算法,修改了RegCM2中径流方案,这一算法适用于疏松土壤和紧密土壤.设计了一个适合与气候模式RegCM2耦合、能模拟水文站流量的汇流模式.模拟了1998年夏季大暴雨期间6、7、8月降水的空间分布,分析了该径流方案对降水、地表热量通量、地表径流、土壤湿度产生的影响,结果表明：①本文提出的方案在模拟1998年长江流域夏季大暴雨期间降水的空间分布上有一定的合理性,在一定程度上改善了降水量的模拟,其影响大致是总降水量的10%左右.②地表径流方案改变了地面向大气输送的热量通量,这种作用随时间发生变化,这种变化与地表水分的再分配有关.③本方案计算的土壤渗透能力较强.在暴雨的初期,产生径流较少,而在暴雨后期土壤湿度增大,产生的地表径流较大,这一点更符合洪水形成的特点.     

FGOALS-g3 Model Datasets for CMIP6 Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project

The Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project(FAFMIP) is an endorsed Model Intercomparison Project in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6). The goal of FAFMIP is to investigate the spread in the atmosphere–ocean general circulation model projections of ocean climate change forced by increased CO_2, including the uncertainties in the simulations of ocean heat uptake, global mean sea level rise due to ocean thermal expansion and dynamic sea level change due to ocean circulation and density changes. The FAFMIP experiments have already been conducted with the Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System Model, gridpoint version 3.0(FGOALS-g3). The model datasets have been submitted to the Earth System Grid Federation(ESGF) node. Here, the details of the experiments,the output variables and some baseline results are presented. Compared with the preliminary results of other models, the evolutions of global mean variables can be reproduced well by FGOALS-g3. The simulations of spatial patterns are also consistent with those of other models in most regions except the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean, indicating large uncertainties in the regional sea level projections of these two regions.     

一个包含土壤和植被的区域气候模式及其性能检验

本文研制了一个三维地气耦合的区域气候模式，该模式由大气、土壤和植被三个子模式组成，各子模式间通过动量、能量和水份交换过程进行相互作用。在大气子模式中提出用z-z*混合坐标系处理地形的新方法，并把诊断分析中的散度修订方案引入数值模式，使其在物理依据上更加合理。此外，模式中较为详细地考虑了影响区域气候形成和变化的物理过程。简单的数值试验表明，区域气候模式比较真实地模拟了土壤和植被冠层的温度日变化，对区域气候平均态也有一定的模拟能力，可较好地处理大地形，具有良好的稳定性能，并对下垫面热力非均匀性的响应也是敏感的。     

Coupling of a Regional Climate Model with a Crop Development Model and Evaluation of the Coupled Model across China

In this study, the CERES(Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis) crop model was coupled with CLM3.5, the land module of the regional climate model RegCM4. The new coupled model was named RegCM4_CERES; and in this model, crop type was further divided into winter wheat, spring wheat, spring maize, summer maize, early rice, late rice,single rice, and other crop types based on each distribution fraction. The development of each crop sub-type was simulated by the corresponding crop model separately, with each planting and harvesting date. A simulation test using RegCM4_CERES was conducted across China from 1999 to 2008; a control test was also performed using the original RegCM4. Data on crop LAI(leaf area index), soil moisture at 10 cm depth, precipitation, and 2 m air temperature were collected to evaluate the performance of RegCM4_CERES. The evaluation provided comparison of single-station time series, regional distributions,seasonal variations, and statistical indices for RegCM4_CERES. The results revealed that the coupled model had an excellent ability to simulate the phonological changes and spatial variations in crops. The consideration of dynamic crop development in RegCM4_CERES corrected the wet bias of the original RegCM4 over North China and the cold bias over South China.However, the degree of improvement was minimal and the statistical indices for RegCM4_CERES were roughly the same as the original RegCM4.     

阿勒泰地区夏季降水概念模型及预测模型

在相关普查及分析各因子物理意义的基础上,建立阿勒泰地区夏季降水概念模型及预测模型,结果表明：夏季500hPa高度场,若极涡偏南、偏强,欧洲到里成海、贝湖到蒙古为脊区,西西伯利亚到巴湖为槽区,西太副高西伸北挺明显,北非副高东伸以及伊朗副高北挺明显,有ElNino或LaNina现象出现,加上前期5月降水量偏多,则该地区夏季降水易偏多,反之易偏少。