陕西省中尺度模式降水预报效果检验

对2006年汛期AREMS、GRAPES、WRF模式的降水预报结果作每日定量检验和2006年汛期的主要大降水过程作定性检验。结果表明：WRF模式48h的预报效果要明显好于24h;各模式的小雨预报效果基本接近;AREMS和GRAPES对中雨以上量级预报时效主要在24h之内;AREMS在24h之内对中雨、大雨的预报效果好于GRAPES、WRF模式。定性检验显示,WRF对强降水的量级和降水中心落区有较好的参考意义;AREMS模式对系统性降水的雨带走向预报较好,雨带比实况略偏北,量级比实况偏小;GRAPES模式对强降水雨带走向预报与AREMS模式类似,但对各量级的降水预报范围偏大。     

西南区域中心模式SWC-WARMS降水偏差分析

本文利用2014—2015年5—10月12(24)h累积降水资料和西南区域模式(SouthWest Center WRF ADAS Real-time Modeling System,SWC-WARMS)36(72 h)预报时效内降水预报资料,从概率和频次角度分析不同海拔高度地区观测和模式降水在量级及空间分布上的特征差异。结果表明,SWC-WARMS模式各预报时效各量级降水的概率密度均比观测偏大,并向10 mm以下雨量集中,且随预报时效延长偏大更显著;模式与观测降水的概率密度曲线差异在盆地小于高原,地形差异小的区域小于地形差异大的区域。SWC-WARMS模式对四川地区降水预报存在雨日较观测明显偏多,量级偏大,降水频次高值区范围偏大、出现虚假高值区等系统性偏差。此外,模式预报在20—08时比08—20时优,24 h累积降水预报优于12 h降水预报,尤以中雨及以上量级降水落区预报为甚。最后,模式极端强降水预报在20—08、20—20时较实况偏大,08—20时,模式预报在盆地较实况偏小,川西高原和攀西地区偏大。     

WRF模式2005年汛期在陕西应用与分析

对W RF模式在陕西2005年汛期试运行情况进行分析,发现模式对暴雨落区及降水强度和不同类型的降水预报结果比较理想,5 km模拟的降水落区和强度更接近实况,但预报时效相对较短;15 km模拟结果具有较长的预报时效,对强降水过程预报结果较好,一般可达36~48 h。利用每6 h模拟降水输出结果,可判断出强降水发生时段。模式可作为未来客观预报陕西转折性天气和暴雨天气的一种新技术工具。     

GRAPES中尺度模式的广东定量降水预报检验

采用客观降水检验方法,对GRAPES中尺度模式2011年4月1日～2012年3月31日广东降水预报进行了分级降水检验、时空分布演变评估以及降水预报个例分析。结果表明:随着降水量级和预报时效提高,模式降水预报质量呈现下降趋势;模式能够对降水过程时间演变做出准确的预报,对于实况较小的降水,模式存在预报比实况偏大的问题,而对于实况较大的降水,模式存在预报比实况偏小的问题;模式不能很好预报出与地形有关的广东3个降水中心;通过对一次台风降水预报个例分析表明,模式24 h预报能较好反映雨带分布和暴雨中心。     

GRAPES_Meso V3.0模式预报效果检验

应用国家气象中心模式检验方法对GRAPES_Meso V3.0模式2008年2月-2009年3月的试验预报产品,如降水、中低层高度、温度和风场预报进行统计检验。检验结果表明:V3.0模式降水预报性能得到明显改善,年及四季平均的各级降水TS评分显著提高,除了秋、冬季的48h中雨和暴雨预报外,TS评分明显高于V2.5模式,但V3.0模式的预报偏差偏大,中雨以上偏大更明显。从预报的季节平均降水率分布来看,对秋、冬季我国东部24h降水预报偏小改进明显,对春、夏季强降水中心位置及强度预报也好于V2.5模式,但是48h降水预报明显偏大,逐日降水率演变图也印证了这一点。此外,V3.0模式对500hPa高度和风场及48h预报的850hPa风场和温度场改进显著,对于850hPa高度和温度的24h预报,除夏季外,其他季节预报效果优于业务模式。     

GRAPES模式对湖北省汛期强降水预报的分类检验分析

使用常规观测资料及GFS资料(1°×1°),选取2005-2008年汛期22次湖北省强降水天气过程,按照其影响系统分为低槽型、台风型和副高外围型三类,对GRAPES模式(2.1版本)预报效果进行分类检验分析,结果表明:(1)就低槽型降水而言,0-24 h预报时效内,模式对晴雨、小雨、大雨的预报效果在三类降水中最好,24～48 h则中雨预报效果最好,0～24 h预报效果总体而言优于24～48 h.模式预报的主要降水区从雨型、雨区范围和雨强的分布特征均与实况较为一致,预报的主要偏差在于强中心位置偏离和强度偏弱.(2)就台风型降水而言,0～24 h预报时效内,模式对中雨和暴雨的预报效果在三类降水中最好,24～48 h,则晴雨、小雨、大雨、暴雨预报效果最好,24～48 h预报效果总体而言优于0～24 h.模式对台风的主体降水落区把握得比较好,和实况较为一致,但对于台风外围云系产生的降水往往与实况差别较大,另外,主体降水中暴雨落区预报总是比实况偏小.(3)副高外围型降水在上述两个预报时次中,各量级的评分成绩均为最低,0～24 h预报效果总体而言优于24～48 h.模式对副高外围局地性强降水过程预报能力较弱,基本不具备预报中雨以上降水的能力.最后对(;RAPES模式的进一步改进提出了一些建议.     

2007年主汛期武汉区域四种数值模式定量降水预报评估

利用武汉中心气象台研发的“武汉区域气象中心天气轨道业务产品检验与评估平台”,对武汉区域气象中心在业务中使用的T213、AREM、日本数值预报模式和德国数值预报模式在2007年主汛期的降水预报进行了分级降水检验以及时空分布演变综合评估。结果表明,日本数值预报模式的综合预报性能最好,AREM次好,各模式均存在对强降水预报漏报率偏大的问题;AREM模式对降水带分布和中心强度的预报与实况最接近,表现出对降水带分布较强的预报能力,其它模式对强降水中心位置及强度的预报均有一定偏差;四种数值模式对区域强降水过程的发展趋势具有较强的预报能力,但降水量预报与实况有一定的差距。     

数值预报产品在短期降水预报中的检验分析

运用天气预报业务中使用的日本模式、德国模式和T213降水预报产品,对铜仁地区2009年1—12月预报效果进行检验,并利用误差分析方法对强降水预报进行了统计和比较,结果表明:晴雨预报TS值,日本模式、德国模式和T213相差不大,均在60%~70%左右。在24h、48h分量级降水检验结果中,日本的TS评分通常高于德国和T213。同时3种模式产品在强降水过程预报中预报值基本上小于实况,而且随着实况量级的增加,预报偏小的次数增多。其中日本模式的预报最为稳定,且结果较接近实况。     

2013年汛期华中区域业务数值模式降水预报检验

为充分了解华中区域中尺度业务数值预报模式更新为WRF后的预报性能,对该模式2013年汛期24 h和48 h的累积降水预报产品,采用TS评分、预报正确率、漏报率、空报率、偏差及ETS评分等统计量对其进行了较详细的评估。结果表明：从日平均降水率分布来看,24 h预报的降水中心位置和强度与实况更接近,48 h的预报明显偏大、偏强;汛期总体降水检验表明,该模式的降水预报以偏大为主,随着降水量级的增大,TS和ETS评分逐渐减小,且ETS评分逐渐靠近TS;逐月降水检验结果发现,该区域汛期月晴雨预报正确率与雨日率呈正相关;通过梅雨期WRF与GRAPES_Meso的预报对比检验可见,两个模式都表现出了较好的预报性能。值得指出的是,随着降水量级的增大,WRF模式降水预报优势逐渐显现。总的来说,该模式的降水预报产品具有一定的参考价值。     

西藏高原一次冰雹天气云降水模式预报产品检验

利用FY-2G卫星反演云特征参量产品、MICAPS高空和地面形势场、逐小时地面降水和探空数据等资料,从云的宏观、微观结构及垂直结构和降水方面对2016年6月22日19:00-20:00拉萨市短时冰雹天气发生期间的GRAPES_CAMS云降水模式预报结果进行高原地区适用性检验。结果表明:(1)模式能够预报西藏地区的降水落区分布,对强降水中心和降水强度的预报存在一定偏差;(2)模式能较好地预报云系发展演变,在云系移速、移向上预报结果与实况基本一致,对云系发展旺盛程度的预报有一定偏差;(3)模式能较准确地预报高原对流云宏观特征,对流云的垂直发展预报结果比实况弱,云顶高度偏低1.0~2.0 km,云顶温度偏高10~20℃;(4)在云垂直结构特征上,模式预报与卫星、高空监测较为吻合,云的冷暖性质、垂直结构、特征温度层高度与实况接近。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on