中国地区空中云水资源气候分布特征及变化趋势

利用1984~2004年国际卫星云气候学计划（ISCCP）的云水路径（CWP）资料,分析了中国地区空中云水资源的分布特征、变化趋势以及与大气环流和湿度场的关系。研究发现,中国地区CWP的分布与大气环流、地形特征和大气湿度分布及水汽传输密切相关,中国地区CWP存在明显的季节变化,6月全国平均CWP最高,10月最低,不同地区季节变化差异明显。从变化趋势看,中国地区CWP以增加为主,青藏高原东部、内蒙古东部地区以及西北东部地区CWP的增加趋势较强。全国范围内,冬季和秋季CWP增加较大,春季和夏季增加较小。这些变化主要与大气环流变化导致的抬升运动的增强以及大气湿度（水汽）增加有关。中国地区空中云水资源在全球变暖的背景下表现出增加的趋势,符合气温增加导致水循环增强的观点。     

青藏高原云水气候特征分析

利用2001~2016年MODIS月平均液相云水路径（Cloud Liquid Water Path,LWP）、冰相云水路径（Cloud Ice Water Path,IWP）资料和ERA-Interim再分析等资料,分析了青藏高原空中云水的分布特征、变化趋势以及与大气环流变化和水汽输送变化的关系。结果显示,LWP和IWP的年平均分布形态与降水、可降水量对应较好,林芝地区聚集了丰富的LWP、IWP、降水量和可降水量。受印度洋季风影响,LWP和IWP存在明显的季节变化,夏季LWP和IWP最丰富,冬季最少。水汽传输和高原的动力、热力作用是影响夏季LWP和IWP分布的主要因素,夏季高原南部相对湿度大,水汽抬升强烈,促进了LWP和IWP的形成和积累。LWP和IWP随海拔高度的变化特征较为相似,3000~5500 m海拔高度区间内二者的总体变化特征与青藏高原降水的梯度变化特征一致,为随高度先较快升高后保持稳定的分布特征。青藏高原年平均和季节平均LWP和IWP在2001~2016年间均以减少趋势为主,这一变化趋势与云量和降水变化趋势一致,LWP和IWP的减少趋势与水汽输送通量散度的增加密切相关。     

Analysis of the Relationship between the Cloud Water Path and Precipitation Intensity of Mature Typhoons in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

The relationship between precipitation intensity and cloud water in typhoon systems remains unclear.This study combined time-and space-synchronized precipitation and spectral data obtained by the Precipitation Radar(PR)as well as the Visible and Infrared Scanner(VIRS)onboard the TRMM satellite,to overcome the limitations of precipitation properties and cloud parameters not being synchronized in previous studies.A merged dataset of near-surface rain rate(RR)and corresponding cloud water path(CWP)was established and used to analyze the potential correlation between cloud microphysical properties and precipitation,to deepen our understanding of the evolution of cloud to rain.In addition,25 collocated satellite overpasses of mature typhoon cases in the Northwest Pacific Ocean from 1998 to 2012 were obtained,and the relationships between the CWP and RR of 144515 pixels were analyzed in detail.The results show that the CWP and RR of mature typhoon systems with different precipitation types,precipitation cloud phases,and vertical depths of precipitation can be fitted by a notable sigmoid function,which may be useful for estimating CWP and parameterizing precipitation in models.Furthermore,the relationship was applied and tested with an independent sample to show that RR is a significant indicator of CWP.     

Properties of cloud and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau

The characteristics of seasonal precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) were investigated using TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) precipitation data(3B43). Sensitive regions of summer precipitation interannual variation anomalies were investigated using EOF(empirical orthogonal function) analysis. Furthermore, the profiles of cloud water content(CWC) and precipitable water in different regions and seasons were analyzed using TRMM-3A12 data observed by the TRMM Microwave Imager. Good agreement was found between hydrometeors and precipitation over the eastern and southeastern TP, where water vapor is adequate, while the water vapor amount is not significant over the western and northern TP.Further analysis showed meridional and zonal anomalies of CWC centers in the ascending branch of the Hadley and Walker Circulation, especially over the south and east of the TP. The interannual variation of hydrometeors over the past decade showed a decrease over the southeastern and northwestern TP, along with a corresponding increase over other regions.     

中国地区夏季6～8月云水含量的垂直分布特征

基于观测资料的夏季云水含量时空分布情况对于数值天气预报、气候预测以及人工影响天气试验都十分重要。本文利用CloudSat卫星资料, 分析了2006～2008年中国地区夏季月平均云水含量的垂直和区域变化特征。结果显示, 青藏高原地形以及东亚夏季风对月平均云含水量分布具有明显影响。中国中部纬度上对流层中层的月平均液态水含量比南部及北部的量值大。各月平均云液水含量垂直廓线存在两个不同高度上的峰值区, 原因可能主要是受大尺度参数的控制, 以及受到青藏高原和东亚季风环流的影响。平均冰水含量纬向垂直分布的高值区主要在对流层中上部。本文中所揭示的云水含量特征为天气和气候模式改进、人工影响天气及云—辐射相互作用提供了重要的基础信息。     

基于CERES资料的中国西南地区云水含量和粒子有效半径分布及变化特征

利用NASA/CERES发布的2001～2015年云参数资料,选取高层云、雨层云、层积云的云水含量和云粒子有效半径,统计分析了西南地区云参数的时空分布特征和变化趋势。结果表明:从年均空间分布来看,西南地区液水和冰水含量均东部高于西部,海拔低的地区高于海拔高的地区;高层云和雨层云液相和冰相云粒子有效半径在川西高原最大。从数值大小来看,雨层云液水和冰水含量最多,分别介于90～230 g/m2和100～300 g/m2,层积云最少,分别介于0～80 g/m2和0～60 g/m2;冰相云粒子有效半径高于液相2～6 μm。从季节分布来看,雨层云液水和冰水含量秋季和冬季偏高,夏季和春季偏少,高层云和层积云季节差异较小;液相云粒子有效半径均夏季最大。从变化趋势来看,西南地区各地液水和冰水含量均呈减少趋势,液相和冰相云粒子有效半径有呈减少或增加趋势。     

中国典型地区夏季气溶胶时空分布及其对云和降水的影响

利用2006—2016年夏季中分辨率成像光谱仪（Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS）气溶胶和云资料以及热带降水测量计划（Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM）降水数据,分析了中国8个典型地区气溶胶、云和降水的时空分布特征,探讨了气溶胶与云和降水的相互关系。结果表明：中国8个典型地区夏季平均气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD）、云光学厚度（Cloud Optical Depth,COD）、云水路径（Cloud Water Path,CWP）、水云云滴有效粒子半径（Cloud Effective Radius Water,CERW）、冰云云滴有效粒子半径（Cloud Effective Radius Ice,CERI）和降水强度变化范围分别为0.21—1.05、15.01—24.02、151.98—219.20 g·m^-2、12.93—15.37 μm、28.85—39.14 μm和0.44—8.54 mm·d^-1;黄土高原和四川盆地AOD有显著降低趋势,年倾向分别为-2.30%和-3.20%,长江三角洲COD年增幅为29.11%,华北平原、长江三角洲和珠江三角洲CERI及塔克拉玛干沙漠CERW变化趋势分别为-21.60%、-15.77%、-18.94%和-10.31%;AOD与COD和CWP呈正相关,与云滴有效粒子半径（Cloud Effective Radius,CER）关系较为复杂,受水汽影响较大,在云层含水量较低的情况下,CERI（CERW）与AOD呈负（正）相关,而在云层含水量较高的情况下,二者呈正（负）相关;气溶胶和降水关系复杂,整体来看,气溶胶促进了中国地区的夏季降水。     

THE SPATIOTEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT RAIN DAYS AND LOW CLOUD COVER UNDER HEAVY POLLUTION OVER SOUTH CHINA

By using the data set of light rain days and low cloud cover at 51 stations in South China (SC), and the method of linear regression and correlative analysis, we analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of the light rain days and low cloud cover including annual variation and long-term seasonal change. The results are as follows: (1) The trends of light rain days and low cloud cover over SC are opposite (light rain days tended to decrease and low cloud cover tended to increase in the past 46 years). The value distributed in east is higher than that in west, and coastal area higher than inland area. (2) The regression coefficients of light rain days and low cloud cover during 1960–2005 are 4.88 d/10 years and 1.14%/10 years respectively, which had all passed the 0.001 significance level. (3) Variations of light rain days are relatively small in spring and summer, but their contributions are larger for annual value than that of autumn and winter. (4) There are two regions with large values of aerosol optical depth (AOD), which distribute in central and southern Guangxi and Pearl River Delta (PRD) of Guangdong, and the value of AOD in PRD is up to 0.7. The aerosol index distributed in coastal area is higher than in the inland area, which is similar to the light rain days and low cloud cover over SC. Aerosol indexes in SC kept increasing with fluctuation during the past 27 years. The GDP of the three provinces in SC increased obviously during the past 28 years, especially in Guangdong, which exhibited that there is simultaneous correlation between light rain days with the variables of low cloud cover and release of aerosols over SC during 1960 to 2005.     

Application of aircraft observations over Beijing in cloud microphysical property retrievals from CloudSat

Cloud microphysical property retrievals from the active microwave instrument on a satellite require the cloud droplet size distribution obtained from aircraft observations as a priori data in the iteration procedure.The cloud lognormal size distributions derived from 12 flights over Beijing,China,in 2008-09 were characterized to evaluate and improve regional CloudSat cloud water content retrievals.We present the distribution parameters of stratiform cloud droplet （diameter ＜500 tm and ＜1500 μm） and discuss the effect of large particles on distribution parameter fitting.Based on three retrieval schemes with different lognormal size distribution parameters,the vertical distribution of cloud liquid and ice water content were derived and then compared with the aircraft observations.The results showed that the liquid water content （LWC） retrievals from large particle size distributions were more consistent with the vertical distribution of cloud water content profiles derived from in situ data on 25 September 2006.We then applied two schemes with different a priori data derived from flight data to CloudSat overpasses in northern China during April-October in 2008 and 2009.The CloudSat cloud water path （CWP） retrievals were compared with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） liquid water path （LWP） data.The results indicated that considering a priori data including large particle size information can significantly improve the consistency between the CloudSat CWP and MODIS CWP.These results strongly suggest that it is necessary to consider particles with diameters greater than 50 tm in CloudSat LWC retrievals.     

中国东部大陆和邻近海域暖云特性时空分布及其与气象条件的关系

基于2003~2016年MODIS/Aqua（MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）云产品资料（MYD08_D3）,分析了中国东部大陆及其邻近海域云量（CF）、云滴有效半径（CER）、和液水路径（LWP）的空间分布以及季节变化,并结合同期ERA-Interim再分析资料的850 hPa垂直速度（ω_850hPa）、低对流层稳定度（LTS）、以及MODIS/Aqua水汽产品中的大气可降水量（PWV）资料,分析了云宏微观物理量与动力、热力及水汽条件之间的关系。从空间分布来看,夏季由日本海至中南半岛存在一个东北西南走向的云量高值区,覆盖我国东部地区,冬季云量高值区位于我国南方地区和东部海域上空;云滴有效半径冬、夏分布类似,均为由东南洋面至西北内陆递减;夏季液水路径分布较为均一,冬季空间差异很大,30°N是明显的高低值分界线,这与冬季水汽的分布密切相关。陆地和海洋上云量均呈冬高夏低的变化趋势,陆地大于海洋,而云滴有效半径和液水路径则为夏高冬低,海洋大于陆地。总体来说,云量与PWV和LTS均表现为正相关、与ω_850hPa呈负相关,表明低层的上升运动有利于水汽向上输送、凝结形成云,但稳定的大气层结又会阻碍云进一步向上发展,使其被限制在底层空间,由于本文的研究对象为暖云,多为中低云,因而云量较高;云滴有效半径和液水路径均与LTS、ω_850hPa表现为负相关,但是对PWV的变化不是很敏感,表明水汽并不是影响云滴尺度和液水路径的主导因素,其主要受动力、热力抬升作用的影响;以上关系在不同区域、不同季节的表现存在一定差异。     

西太平洋暖池和北京地区大气水特征的地基遥感测量

近十多年来,用地基双波长(0.85、1.35 cm)微波辐射计(和雨强计)分别在西太平洋暖池和北京地区对大气水做了多次高时间分辨率长时间连续监测,本文是这些资料的分析总结.文中定量给出了大气水汽(和云液水)的日、季节内、季、年、年际的变化和变化的地理差异;定量给出了大气三水(水汽、云液水和雨水)的季节统计分布特征和地理差异;得到了大气三水之间的定量比例,并得到了降水概率、降水效率和云中水循环次数等与降水过程有关的参量与多种大气水参量之间的统计关系,在一定程度上揭示了大气水循环特征.     

硫酸盐气溶胶对全球水循环因子的影响

  利用卫星资料进一步检验了CAM3.0模式对云的模拟能力,该模式可以较好地再现全球云的分布和季节变化的主要特征。在硫循环过程与辐射和动力过程之间双向耦合的情况下,探讨了硫酸盐气溶胶直接气候效应对水循环过程的影响。模式较好地模拟了硫酸盐气溶胶的浓度和分布变化。硫酸盐气溶胶对水循环因子的影响在不同季节和区域是不同的,其中,北半球夏季的影响最大,这是因为北半球夏季硫酸盐浓度最高。纬向平均的云量、降水和水汽的变化形势大部分相似,存在比较密切的联系。     

基于MODIS产品的中国陆地冰云季节变化特征

利用2011年11月-2016年10月Terra卫星MODIS（moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer）3级大气产品数据（MOD08_M3）对中国陆地区域冰云发生概率、有效粒子半径、光学厚度和冰水路径的水平分布与季节变化进行分析。结果表明:冰云特性的水平分布和季节变化特征与东亚季风和强对流天气的发生存在一定联系。近5年冰云发生概率呈上升趋势,季节性变化规律明显,高值区出现在青藏高原东北部;冰云有效粒子水平分布呈现由西南向东北逐渐增加的趋势,总体季节性变化特点不明显,但在纬度较高地区出现随季节变化特征;冰云光学厚度与冰水路径水平分布和季节变化趋势大致相同,呈东南向西北递减趋势,总体季节性变化明显。     

Cloud cover over the Tibetan Plateau and eastern China: a comparison of ERA5 and ERA-Interim with satellite observations

This study examines the progress made by reanalyses and satellite products in the estimation of cloud cover over China: the ECMWF reanalyses ERA5 and ERA-Interim, geostationary satellite observation Himawari-8 (H8) and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project H-series (ISCCP) product. There is great similarity in spatial patterns of cloud cover in reanalyses and satellite observations, especially between ERA5 and H8. Distinct characteristics of the seasonal evolution of cloud cover are shown over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the southeast (SE) and northeast (NE) of China. Differences in magnitudes of cloud cover exist. Overestimations are about 10% for reanalyses and about 20% for ISCCP in compared with certain cloud cover in H8. When probable cloud (about 10%) in H8 is included in the estimation, biases reduce the most in ERA5. The cloud hit rate (CHR) and false alarm rate (FAR) in against H8 and ISCCP reveal that simulated clouds in ERA5 have been improved especially over eastern China, but with limited improvement over TP in compared with ERA-Interim. Diurnal variations of cloud cover are characterized by increases during daytime over those three regions. Amplifications of diurnal variation vary over different regions and months. Satellite observations and ERA5 indicate distinguished diurnal cycle of cloud cover over TP, while further investigation based on ERA5 reveals coherent diurnal cycle in meteorological environment. Long-term changes of cloud cover highlight decreasing trends over TP and particular during March in past decades based on ISCCP and ERA5, which require further investigation in future.     

中国东部和印度季风区云辐射特性的比较

基于 ＩＳＣＣＰ和 ＥＱＢＥ资料,本文比较了中国东部和印度季风区的云和云辐射强迫的气候特征。虽然它们同属于亚洲季风区,并且有相似的降水季节特征,但它们各自的云和云辐射强迫特征差异很大。在印度区域,所有的云量有着相同的季节变化,最大云量分布都出现在夏季,且总云量中以高云量为主。而中国东部云量的季节变化都比较复杂,在总云量中以中、低云量为主,最大总云量出现在春季。冬季的总云量和中、低云量要大于夏季。在全球云量分布中,中国东部最典型的特征是：该地区为全球最大的雨层云覆盖区。与云的分布和变化相关,印度季风区最大的负短波云辐射强迫,最大的正的长波辐射强迫和最大的负的净云辐射强迫发生在夏季,而在中国东部,大的负的短波云辐射强迫发生在春夏之交。年平均的负的短波云辐射强迫在中国东部地区明显要大于在印度季风区。     

Seasonal variation and physical properties of the cloud system over southeastern China derived from CloudSat products

Based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) and Climate Prediction Center(CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation(CMAP) data and Cloud Sat products, the seasonal variations of the cloud properties, vertical occurrence frequency, and ice water content of clouds over southeastern China were investigated in this study. In the Cloud Sat data, a significant alternation in high or low cloud patterns was observed from winter to summer over southeastern China. It was found that the East Asian Summer Monsoon(EASM) circulation and its transport of moisture leads to a conditional instability, which benefits the local upward motion in summer, and thereby results in an increased amount of high cloud. The deep convective cloud centers were found to coincide well with the northward march of the EASM, while cirrus lagged slightly behind the convection center and coincided well with the outflow and meridional wind divergence of the EASM. Analysis of the radiative heating rates revealed that both the plentiful summer moisture and higher clouds are effective in destabilizing the atmosphere. Moreover, clouds heat the mid-troposphere and the cloud radiative heating is balanced by adiabatic cooling through upward motion, which causes meridional wind by the Sverdrup balance. The cloud heating–forced circulation was observed to coincide well with the EASM circulation, serving as a positive effect on EASM circulation.     

青藏高原一次强对流过程对水汽垂直输送的数值模拟

本文采用中尺度天气研究预测模式(WRF)模拟了青藏高原那曲地区的一次强对流过程,分析了强对流对水汽的垂直输送量及对模式不同云微物理参数化方案的敏感性.通过与实测资料的比较,发现此次模拟在对流发生时间、地点、降水时间等方面均与实际接近.敏感性试验表明:当对流发生时,对流区域向上的水汽通量随海拔高度呈先增大后减小的趋势,该...     

AREM simulations of cloud features over eastern China in February 2001

Based on the simulations of cloud features in February 2001 by the regional numerical weather prediction model-Advanced Regional Eta-coordinate Model (AREM), the dynamic and thermodynamic conditions for middle cloud formation over eastern China are studied. Diagnostic analysis partly confirms the previous suggestion that the middle stratiform clouds downstream of the Tibetan Plateau are maintained by the frictional and blocking effects of the plateau. In addition, it is found that the temperature inversion at plateau height over eastern China generated by the warm air advected from the plateau provides a favorable thermodynamic condition for middle clouds. Both diurnal variations of the mid-level divergence and the inversion over eastern China, which are determined by the atmospheric boundary activity over the Tibetan Plateau, dominate the cloud diurnal cycle. The middle cloud amount decreases and the cloud top falls in the daytime, but reverses at night. The comparison of cloud features between the simulations and the observations also proves that the AREM can well capture the distinctive continental stratiform cloud features downstream of the Tibetan Plateau.     

南海地区总云量的气候特征研究

采用EOF展开、小波分析、Mann-Kendall突变分析等方法,利用国际卫星云气候计划(ISCCP)提供的月平均云气候资料集,分析了南海地区总云量的气候特征.结果表明:①总云量表现为南北型的空间分布特征,分界在16°N附近,以北区域主要受南北热力差异影响,以纬向分布为主;以南区域主要受海陆热力差异影响,沿海岸线分布....     

西南地区云水量与可降水量比值的分布特征和变化趋势

采用1980～2009年云水量和可降水量的NCEP逐月再分析资料,通过统计分析,研究30a来西南地区（云南、贵州、讴庆、四川）云水量与可降水量比值的时空分布特征和变化趋势。结果表明：（1）西南地区年、季17孟水量与可降水比值均具有明显的地区性差异,由西北向东南递减,高值区位于川西高原;（2）云水量与可降水比值年内分布不均匀,从2月到8月逐渐减小,9月至1月逐渐增大,同时,季节差异较大,夏季最小,冬季最大;（3）30a来,整个西南地区年、夏季和秋季云水量与可降水量比值呈显著减少趋势。