FY-3A气象卫星红外分光计温度廓线模拟反演试验

为了考察风云三号(FY-3)气象卫星红外分光计的性能, 以该仪器初样阶段的光谱通道特征和仪器响应函数为基础, 进行大气温度垂直廓线模拟反演。选用红外分光计15 μmCO₂吸收带的不同通道组合进行模拟反演, 结果表明:总体上红外分光计具有较好的大气温度反演能力, 窗区通道8的加入可有效提高近地面层温度反演精度;利用迭代算法反演大气温度时, 初估廓线对反演精度影响较大, 初估廓线与真值愈接近, 反演精度愈高;现有仪器通道灵敏度设计指标可满足大气温度反演基本要求, 如仪器灵敏度降低, 反演精度也随之降低, 提高仪器灵敏度, 有利于提高仪器的使用效果。     

七通道微波辐射计遥感大气温度廓线的性能分析

文中首先分析了大气参数分布的垂直分辨率对模拟七通道微波温度探测器各通道亮温的影响,通过对比计算表明,大气参数的垂直分辨率对微波测温通道亮温计算的影响为0．2K～0．7K;随后分析了各通道亮温测量误差对温度廓线反演性能的影响,当测量误差在0．2K～2．0K范围内变化时,反演结果的总体均方根误差为2．1K～3．1K;同时还分析了单通道缺损、单通道发生漂移及所有通道发生漂移等情况对温度廓线反演性能的影响。当仪器缺损一个通道时,对所缺通道权重函数峰值附近高度上的大气温度反演有不同程度的影响,对其他高度上的大气温度反演的影响可忽略;单通道漂移0．5K时,对反演结果的影响较小;各通道整体漂移达到1．0K时,对温度廓线反演有明显影响;最后,考虑了云雾对微波测温通道亮温的影响,数值计算表明,雾层、浓霾和卷云对各通道亮温几乎没有影响,层云和积云对50．50GHz通道亮温有明显的影响。     

从118.75 GHz附近六通道亮温反演大气温度廓线的数值模拟研究

为了能在静止气象卫星上实现微波被动遥感探测大气温度廓线,并保持一定的地面空间分辨率(如视场小于60 km),就需要使用高频微波及大天线.欧洲和美国下一代静止气象卫星上都已考虑采用118.75 GHz附近通道.为了充分了解118.75 GHz附近通道遥感反演温度廓线的能力,为仪器研制及今后资料的解释反演提供必要的基础数据,作者开展了采用118.75 GHz附近六个通道遥感反演大气温度廓线的数值模拟研究.统计反演的数值试验表明,118.75 GHz附近六通道对温度垂直分布有一定的遥感反演能力;温度反演较好的层次对应于权重函数峰值所在的位置.     

地基微波辐射计遥感大气廓线的BP神经网络反演方法研究

讨论了12通道地基微波辐射计遥感反演温度、相对湿度和云液态水廓线的BP神经网络反演方法,利用探空资料,对北京春、夏、秋、冬四个季节的大气廓线进行神经网络训练,并对训练好的网络的反演能力进行数值检验,分析了反演精度;对北京南郊观象台12通道微波辐射计的观测亮温资料进行实际反演,结果表明,神经网络(BPNN)反演的廓线与微波辐射计自带RadiomeNN的相比更加接近实际。     

中巴地球资源卫星数据反演地表温度产品设计

利用CBERS IRMSS/IRS传感器红外通道数据,基于MODTRAN4和查找表算法,根据地表数字高程和全球/区域一体化数值预报模式,建立相应高度和气象条件下温度反演配套系数,利用CBERS可见/近红外通道和地表比辐射率数据库最终生成地表温度/地表发射率产品。最后介绍了温度产品的验证工作,并对温度反演中存在的参数敏感性和不确定性问题进行了分析。     

中巴地球资源卫星数据反演地表温度产品设计

利用CBERS IRMSS/IRS传感器红外通道数据,基于MODTRAN4和查找表算法,根据地表数字高程和全球/区域一体化数值预报模式,建立相应高度和气象条件下温度反演配套系数,利用CBERS可见/近红外通道和地表比辐射率数据库最终生成地表温度/地表发射率产品.最后介绍了温度产品的验证工作,并对温度反演中存在的参数敏感性和不确定性问题进行了分析.     

机载微波大气温度探测仪多高度飞行观测试验结果分析

机载微波大气温度探测仪可以机动灵活地获取大气温度廓线信息。针对一次机载微波大气温度探测仪的多高度飞行观测试验,基于逐线积分模式和大气参数廓线库,建立用于不同飞行高度的快速辐射传输模式,分析了仪器观测亮温的质量并对仪器观测进行了订正;建立了基于神经网络的微波大气温度廓线反演算式,分析了不同高度、不同通道选择对于大气温度廓线反演性能的影响。研究结果表明:（1）较低飞行高度计算得到的各地表敏感通道地表比辐射率之间具有较好的一致性;（2）采用订正算式订正后,不同飞行高度的模拟亮温与观测亮温具有较好的一致性;（3）机载微波大气温度反演最优通道组合依赖于平台飞行高度;（4）采用最优的通道组合,4 200 m、3 200 m和2 500 m高度层温度反演均方根误差范围分别为0.5~1.8 K、0.5~1.3 K和0.4~1.0 K。      

利用FY-2C卫星数据反演云辐射特性

本文利用FY-2C静止卫星提供的可见光、中红外和热红外观测数据, 开展了水云光学厚度、粒子有效半径和云顶温度的云参数遥感探测理论和反演方法研究。基于FY-2C可见光、中红外(3.75 μm)与热红外(11 μm)通道辐射率对云光学厚度、 云滴有效半径、云顶温度辐射参数的敏感性分析, 提出三通道同时反演云的光学厚度、云滴有效半径及云顶温度的迭代方案; 通过个例分析进行了云参数反演试验, 并将结果与MODIS的云反演产品进行了对比, 最后对反演误差进行了分析。主要结论如下:(1) 个例反演得到的云参数与各通道探测数据有着较好的对应关系, 迭代计算标准偏差在允许的计算精度范围内(<0.89%), 反演结果具有合理性; (2) 通过与MODIS云反演产品的对比可以看到, 两者云光学厚度、云滴有效半径的均值和直方图分布都非常一致, 而MODIS的云顶温度比FY-2C反演值要高, 考虑到FY-2C的 11 μm通道测量的辐射值与MODIS相比偏小, 因此认为我们的反演方法与MODIS方法的精度是相当的。     

利用神经网络从118.75 GHz附近通道亮温反演大气温度

为了准确快速地从118.75 GHz附近六通道亮温计算大气温度,作者开展了利用人工神经网络技术反演大气温度的数值模拟研究。与线性统计反演算法比较,海面上大气温度反演的总体均方根误差减小17%,陆面上大气温度反演的总体均方根误差减小15%。两种下垫面条件下的温度反演结果表明,近陆面的温度反演结果优于近海面的温度反演结果。另外,对温度廓线垂直结构反演性能的分析结果表明,对于具有较厚逆温层结构的温度廓线,神经网络反演对廓线的复现能力优于线性统计反演。     

附加影响因子对红外遥感资料反演大气温湿廓线的辅助作用

利用AIRS(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)实际观测资料和采用特征向量反演方法,研究了非红外遥感因子对红外遥感大气温湿廓线反演的辅助作用。这些因子包括：微波探测通道、纬度、地形、表面高度、表面温度、表面气压等。试验结果表明,微波通道可以明显改善对流层中低层(800 hPa以下)温度和湿度的反演结果,对800 hPa以上没有明显的作用。划分纬度带有助于提高反演精度。在较平坦的地区温度反演的均方根误差远远小于地形起伏较大的地区。而水汽反演误差对地形变化不敏感。增加附加影响因子对改善对流层中低层温度反演精度有十分明显的作用,对中低层湿度反演精度有一定的改善。     

Lapwings in Newfoundland

Abstract

Weather observations made at Eureka, on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian High Arctic, have been archived since 1953. The time series, averages, and seasonal cycles of surface temperature, pressure, dew point, relative humidity, cloud cover, wind speed, and direction are presented for the period from 1954 to 2007. Also shown are the time series and averages for the 500 mb temperature, 900 to 500 mb thickness, 500 mb wind speed, and various boundary‐layer stability parameters. Some of the main trends found are 1) an annual average surface warming of 3.2°C since 1972, with summer exhibiting the least warming, 2) a reduction in the frequency of strong anticyclonic events in the winter, 3) a reduction in surface wind speeds except in the summer, 4) a 1.0°C warming in the 500 mb temperature since 1961, with the greatest warming occurring in the spring and summer, and 5) a 10% increase in precipitable water all year round since 1961 but dominated by the spring, summer, and autumn seasons. The importance of open water in the Arctic Ocean for summer temperatures and humidity, of the North Atlantic Oscillation for winter interannual pressure variability, and of precipitable water for winter temperatures are highlighted in this climatology.     

预估临边探测大气温度和水汽廓线的反演精度

针对在研仪器——大气辐射超高光谱探测仪的临边探测模式,模拟计算了大气温度和水汽的权重函数。以此为基础,利用信息量和权重函数线性化方法,结合仪器的可探测亮温阈值0.3 K,计算并分析6种大气状态下,大气温度和水汽混合比廓线在不同反演精度条件下可获得的光谱通道数,在满足最佳光谱通道数200的要求下,理论上预估其反演精度。温度廓线整体反演精度为0.6 K,水汽混合比廓线反演精度可达到5%,但热带大气在16~20 km高度的水汽廓线反演精度仅为10%。反演精度预估,仅提供了一种全面认识仪器性能的方法,精度的确定还有赖于真实探测数据的获取和反演方法。     

A comparison of a GCM simulation of the seasonal cycle of the atmosphere with observations part II: Stationary waves and transient fluctuations

Abstract

This paper presents the seasonal dependence of the stationary and transient eddies of the GLAS/UMD GCM from a two‐year annual cycle integration.

The simulated Northern Hemisphere stationary waves are realistic in winter (below 250 mb) and in spring and fall; in winter a large anomalous ridge over the date‐line is noted above 250 mb. The model does not simulate the winter barotropic trough over eastern Canada. In summer the mid‐latitude stationary waves are poorly simulated (possibly owing to anomalous summer rainfall), but the monsoonal structure in the tropics is captured.

The stationary wave field at 500 mb in the Southern Hemisphere is not well simulated, with the range of season‐to‐season variability being much larger than observed. The zonally averaged stationary wave rms is realistic below 200 mb in winter and spring, but is less so in summer and autumn, possibly due to erroneous summertime precipitation.

The geographical distributions of 500‐mb transient and band‐pass height rms, of transient 850‐mb heat flux and of 200‐mb momentum flux in the Northern Hemisphere are well simulated except for summer. The latitude‐height dependence of height rms and low‐level transient heat flux is realistic in both summer and winter, but the transient momentum flux is not well simulated in summer. The mid‐level transient heat flux is too strong.

The overall pattern of transient activity at 500 mb in the Southern Hemisphere is reasonable in the GCM, although there is too much variability in the eastern Pacific, while the observed peak in rms in the New Zealand sector is displaced eastwards in the GCM. The latitude‐height dependence of transient height rms and transient fluxes of heat and momentum looks quite realistic, and is similar in accuracy to the Northern Hemispheric results.     

大气红外探测器(AIRS)温、湿度反演产品的有效性检验及在数值模式中的应用研究

利用中国540个地面气象观测站点资料,对1和7月大气红外探测器(AIRS)的反演中国区域地面气温精度做了详细评估,分析了产生误差的原因。同时把AIRS的反演温、湿度廓线产品与T213数值预报产品进行比较,分析了它们之间的差异。为进一步考察AIRS温、湿度产品的有效性,我们把经过订正的AIRS地面气温以及温、湿度廓线产品分析同化到中尺度模式MM5中,用于华北降雪天气过程的对比模拟试验,分析AIRS反演产品对降雪量、水汽场、垂直速度场、散度场以及云物理过程等的影响。     

中国东部大气温湿廓线特征及其对辐射收支计算影响的分析

辐射平衡是气候决定性因素之一, 温湿廓线对辐射计算有重要影响。利用中国东部地区1960—2008年74个探空站资料, 将SBDART（Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer）辐射传输模式自带的大气温湿廓线和探空测得的实际大气温湿廓线进行对比, 并代入SBDART模式中, 分别计算晴空条件下不同温湿廓线对辐射通量的影响。结果表明:（1）中国东部地区的大气温湿廓线有明显的区域和季节特点;（2）模式地面向下辐射通量与实际相比有较明显差异, 尤其是在东北地区的冬季、中东部地区的夏季和华南地区的冬季, 差值达20—35 W/m2, 相对误差达2.01%—3.18%;（3）在东北地区的冬季、中东部地区的冬季以及华南地区的夏、冬季, 模式计算的大气顶向上辐射通量与实际相比差值达10—22 W/m2, 相对误差可达3.67%—8.94%;（4）模式与实际辐射加热率的差值在0.03—0.29 K/d。研究表明, 模式自带的大气温湿廓线区域和季节划分并不够细致, 不足以代表中国东部地区各个区域及季节的温湿特点。建立一套中国东部地区的大气标准廓线可以为辐射模拟提供更准确的输入量。      

The energy budget of the Sable Island ocean region

The heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere over cold water is studied by calculating all terms in the energy balance twice each day for the year 1971 for the Sable Island region.

The atmospheric long‐wave radiation is relatively constant because of frequent overcast and low clouds. The surface long‐wave balance is markedly negative in winter but slightly positive for a short time in summer, due to strong advection of warm moist air over the cold water. In winter, the turbulent fluxes are directed upwards and are strong, the upward fluxes beginning after the middle of August and lasting until mid‐March. The maximum daily values of latent heat flux are 400 to 500 ly day^?1 (194 to 242 W m^?2), about a third or a quarter of the magnitude over the warmer Gulf Stream water. The summer fluxes are fairly constant and directed downward.

The water of the Labrador Current in the Sable Island region warms substantially from March to September and conversely cools intensely in the period November‐January.

A comparison of the energy exchange for a current and for water without motion shows that the surface temperatures would be similar in summer, and the temperature drop would be about equal until November. From that time on, the surface temperature would level off for a water body with no current, but in actual conditions the surface temperature continues to drop to a late winter minimum of about 1°C.

Atmospheric advection of latent heat was calculated by assuming that the daily precipitation was always caused first by condensation of all locally evaporated water with any remainder being supplied by water‐vapour advection. The main cause for atmospheric heating in the Sable Island area was found to be condensation of imported water vapour. The region is, in summer, a marked sink for atmospheric heat and water content. For water it remains a sink even in winter. For sensible heat it becomes a source from November to March. The warming of the atmosphere is caused by release of latent heat of advected water vapour in the period February‐August. During the months September‐January the heat sources are both water‐vapour advection and surface turbulent terms.     

Retrieving atmospheric temperature profiles from AMSU-A data with neural networks

Back propagation neural networks are used to retrieve atmospheric temperature profiles from NOAA-16 Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) measurements over East Asia. The collocated radiosonde observation and AMSU-A data over land in 2002-2003 are used to train the network, and the data over land in 2004 are used to test the network. A comparison with the multi-linear regression method shows that the neural network retrieval method can significantly improve the results in all weather conditions. When an offset of 0.5 K or a noise level of ±0.2 K is added to all channels simultaneously, the increase in the overall root mean square (RMS) error is less than 0.1 K. Furthermore, an experiment is conducted to investigate the effects of the window channels on the retrieval. The results indicate that the brightness temperatures of window channels can provide significantly useful information on the temperature retrieval near the surface. Additionally, the RMS errors of the profiles retrieved with the trained neural network are compared with the errors from the International Advanced TOVS (ATOVS) Processing Package (IAPP). It is shown that the network-based algorithm can provide much better results in the experiment region and comparable results in other regions. It is also noted that the network can yield remarkably better results than IAPP at the low levels and at about the 250-hPa level in summer skies over ocean. Finally, the network-based retrieval algorithm developed herein is applied in retrieving the temperature anomalies of Typhoon Rananim from AMSU-A data.     

One-Dimensional Variational Retrieval of Temperature and Humidity Profiles from the FY4A GIIRS

A physical retrieval approach based on the one-dimensional variational(1 D-Var) algorithm is applied in this paper to simultaneously retrieve atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles under both clear-sky and partly cloudy conditions from FY-4 A GIIRS(geostationary interferometric infrared sounder) observations. Radiosonde observations from upper-air stations in China and level-2 operational products from the Chinese National Satellite Meteorological Center(NSMC)during the periods from December 2019 to January 2020(winter) and from July 2020 to August 2020(summer) are used to validate the accuracies of the retrieved temperature and humidity profiles. Comparing the 1 D-Var-retrieved profiles to radiosonde data, the accuracy of the temperature retrievals at each vertical level of the troposphere is characterized by a root mean square error(RMSE) within 2 K, except for at the bottom level of the atmosphere under clear conditions. The RMSE increases slightly for the higher atmospheric layers, owing to the lack of temperature sounding channels there.Under partly cloudy conditions, the temperature at each vertical level can be obtained, while the level-2 operational products obtain values only at altitudes above the cloud top. In addition, the accuracy of the retrieved temperature profiles is greatly improved compared with the accuracies of the operational products. For the humidity retrievals, the mean RMSEs in the troposphere in winter and summer are both within 2 g kg^–1. Moreover, the retrievals performed better compared with the ERA5 reanalysis data between 800 h Pa and 300 h Pa both in summer and winter in terms of RMSE.     

COSMIC-2掩星反演数据质量分析

为评价COSMIC-2掩星反演数据精度,利用探空站点资料,对比验证了基于COSMIC-2附加相位数据由无线电掩星数据处理软件ROPP计算得到的大气折射率及温湿廓线。实验结果表明:COSMIC-2数据经反演后的大气廓线质量较高,大气折射率相对偏差标准差为1.5%~4.3%,大气温度和相对湿度均方根误差分别为1.3~2.2 K、10%~15%;低纬地区样本精度总体优于中纬地区; 季节性差异不明显,但冬春季样本精度总体略优于夏秋季。反演数据与COSMIC-2二级产品相比,折射率与温度在部分高度层精度更优,相对湿度在总体上精度更优。      

邢台地区微波辐射计与无线电探空仪数据对比分析

利用2018年1月至2019年12月河北省中南部地区的微波辐射计和探空数据，将两种探测设备取得的资料在时间和空间上进行点对点匹配，共筛选出187条晴空廓线、1176条云天廓线和12条毛毛雨天廓线，定量分析了各个高度层的晴天、云天和毛毛雨天气条件下两种大气探测设备的温度、相对湿度和水汽密度廓线的相关性及误差情况。结果表明：3种天气条件下的微波辐射计与无线电探空仪温度和水汽密度的相关性整体较好，地基微波辐射计观测的大气参数分布存在不同程度的差异，但是微波辐射计和探空的变化趋势一致性较好，并且无线电探空仪观测的大气参数和微波辐射计反演的温度、相对湿度和水汽密度相关性整体上均呈现低层大气优于高层大气，温度相关性最好，水汽密度次之，相对湿度最低。通过对比各个高度层的拟合程度，发现3.5 km以下的低层大气参数精度更可靠，对于需要间接计算的大气物理量，如K指数、有效位能、积分水汽含量等，使用低层数据计算的大气物理量精度会更好。本文开展的地基微波辐射计反演的大气物理参数与探空仪观测对比研究工作，对提高微波辐射计在大气物理和人工影响天气的探测精度方面具有参考意义。