基于防雷接地需求的土壤结构模型研究

利用VB技术,将互联网公开发布的对日常天气预报工作有价值的气象信息,如数值天气预报产品、实况天气图、卫星云图、天气雷达回波图等,进行搜集、整理,定时自动下载到本地,通过开发可移植性强的显示平台,作为局域网MICAPS系统的补充,在资料缺失时辅助天气预报工作,并可用于居家办公。同时软件设置自动更新和批量传输功能,利用非预报关键时段自动下载、更新资源,在重要时段可以实现零滞后调用,提高工作效率。     

天气预报自动答询机

随着革命和生产的不断发展,气象台站的天气预报答询业务日益繁忙,为了提高和节省人力,江苏省苏州地区气象台在辽宁省气象局试制的“晶体管天气预报答询机”的基础上,设计试制成功了“天气预报自动答询机”。“天气预报自动答询机”系一台装有自动控制装置的录放音设备,能接入自动电话或共电式电话线路,自动回答用户对天气预报的询问(见附图)。它具有一机多用、结构紧凑、工作可靠、操作简便、耗电量小、造价低廉等特点,适合于地区气象台和服务工作较繁忙的气象站使用。现将其性能、结构及工作原理,简介如下:     

地市级中长期天气预报服务业务平台

利用VB6.0开发语言编程,建立了地市级中长期天气预报服务业务平台,该平台实现了实时资料的自动采集、历史资料的快速查询以及中长期天气预报的人机交互分析等功能,较好地解决了过去在中长期预报和气象服务工作中的手工操作问题,能满足各用户对中长期预报和气象服务的实际需要.     

地市级中长期天气预报服务业务平台

利用VB6．0开发语言编程，建立了地市级中长期天气预报服务业务平台，该平台实现了实时资料的自动采集、历史资料的快速查询以及中长期天气预报的人机交互分析等功能，较好地解决了过去在中长期预报和气象服务工作中的手工操作问题，能满足各用户对中长期预报和气象服务的实际需要。     

山东省自动土壤水分观测数据文件下载软件

介绍了山东省土壤水分观测数据下载软件的开发技术及主要功能。重点介绍了利用VB6．0语言开发山东省土壤水分观测数据下载软件的流程、FTP协议、API函数的应用．以及软件的多站号自动下载、人工批量下载、格式检查等功能。     

南亚高压研究在中期天气预报中的应用

1984年6月上中旬是少雨向多雨转变的天气时段。6月1日—12日为少雨时段,13—24日为多雨时段,12日为转变日。多雨段由连续性降水构成,在兰州以上的黄河流域内,12—14日为中、大雨过程,16—17日为小雨天气,19—24日为连阴雨阶段。持续降水使黄河径流量加大,入库量增多。水电部门利用中期转折性天气预报,进行水电调度     

逐步综合决策的天气预报模式

自1980年以来,各种模糊综合决策数学模型相继提出,并在环境保护、地震、农业气候、天气预报等方面都得到了广泛的应用,且取得了明显的效果。模糊综合决策的数学模型在天气预报方面应用也较广,它不仅适用于多因子的综合天气预报,而且也适用于不同时段的逐步订正预报,以及各种预报方法的综合决策。     

普通UPS用作121自动答询机长延时电源的方法

２１自动天气预报答询服务的开展,标志着气象服务由人工逐步走向自动化。但是１２１自动天气预报答询机存在的问题之一就是,在无市电时,答询机不能工作,致使服务中断,影响了气象部门的信誉和效益。购买长延时大型ＵＰＳ作后备电源,可解决上述问题,但投资较大（后备...     

电视天气预报节目附加功能解读

电视天气预报栏目是各省气象影视事业的基础,本文以山东卫视天气预报栏目为例,从我们工作实际出发,阐述了利用电视天气预报节目在参谋、科普、农事指导和自我宣传几方面发挥积极作用,表明现今的电视天气预报节目应充分利用其优势,在社会服务中发挥出更深、更广、更多的功能。     

强对流天气综合监测业务系统建设

强对流天气监测是其预报的基础.国家气象中心强天气预报中心利用多源观测资料(常规和非常规资料)建设了强对流天气综合监测业务系统.强对流天气的监测对象包括积云、地面高温、雷暴、地闪、冰雹、龙卷、大风、雷暴大风、短时强降水、雷暴反射率因子、对流风暴(基于雷达资料)、深对流云及中尺度对流系统(Mesoscale Convective Systems,MCS,基于静止卫星红外1通道资料)等不同时段的分布.发展的监测技术主要包括自动站资料质量控制技术、强对流信息提取和统计技术、直角坐标交叉相关雷达回波追踪(Cartesian Tracking Radar Echoes by Correlation,CTREC)技术、雷暴识别追踪分析和临近预报(Thunderstorm Identification Tracking Analysis and Nowcasting,TITAN)技术、深对流云识别技术、中尺度对流系统识别和追踪技术,以及闪电密度监测技术等.强对流天气监测系统自动定时运行,其输出数据与MICAPS业务平台完全兼容.该监测系统在国家气象中心的强对流天气预报业务中发挥了重要作用.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.