小波检验方法在国内业务模式中的最新应用研究进展

本文主要介绍小波检验方法在国内区域业务模式中的最新应用研究进展,该方法被应用于模式降水预报的个例检验和统计检验,并针对两种解决二元域限制问题的技术方案进行阐述和讨论。结果表明：D8小波可以提供一种从不同降水率阈值和空间尺度对模式定量降水预报进行评估的方案,该方案首先对预报场和分析场进行阈值获得二进制误差场,再对二进制误差场进行尺度分解,从而可以评估模式在各个降水率阈值和空间尺度上的预报技巧和偏差。统计检验结果显示模式对较大尺度降水事件表现出较高的预报技巧评分,较小尺度降水事件和强降水的预报技巧评分相对较低,并且总体上呈现出预报降水事件多于观测降水事件的特征。Padding方案和Tiling方案对应的模式统计检验结果并无明显差异,由于后者不对原始降水场做任何改变,因此是一种更为稳健和可靠的方案。     

数值预报同化系统中观测资料误差分析

在观测资料同化系统中,观测误差均方差与背景场误差均方差共同决定着观测信息与背景场信息的相对重要性以及这些信息在空间及不同变量间的扩展方式,故在资料同化系统中起到决定性作用.因此,观测误差均方差的合理估计是非常重要的.采用贝塞尔函数拟合方法,从探空观测资料与背景场的偏差(IV)协方差中分离出探空资料的观测误差均方差与模式的背景场误差均方差;再从其他观测资料偏差协方差中扣除背景场误差均方差来估计其它观测误差均方差.观测误差均方差分析使用2006年8月1-31日观测资料,国家气象中心T213L31全球中期分析预报系统的6小时预报作为背景场.结果显示估计的观测误差均方差是比较合理的.     

观测误差对GRAPES区域集合预报影响的敏感性试验

通过设计3组不同的观测误差均方差,对2012年8月1日—29日进行了基于GRAPES-M EPS(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System-Mesoscale Ensemble Prediction System)的集合预报敏感性试验,研究观测误差均方差对集合预报初始扰动场结构、扰动量及垂直扰动总能量发展的影响,评估集合预报结果的差异,并分析了一次典型的江淮流域强降水个例。结果显示,模式变量扰动结构和扰动振幅对观测误差均方差较敏感,较小的观测误差均方差使得温度和风等模式变量的初始扰动量增大,扰动总能量增长更快,降水集合预报效果更优。因此在GRAPES-MEPS中,可以考虑对观测误差均方差进行适当的扰动,以体现观测误差均方差的不确定性对集合预报的影响,提高GRAPES-MEPS的集合预报技巧。     

基于CRA空间检验技术的西南地区东部强降水EC模式预报误差分析

CRA(contiguous rain area)空间检验技术是将连续雨区作为目标进行检验。通过设定降水量阈值,识别、分离及平移降水目标,将预报偏差分解为落区、强度和形态误差,该方法可避免传统TS评分的双惩罚效应。利用CRA空间检验技术对2011—2014年5—9月西南地区东部EC细网格模式36 h预报时效119个降水目标的预报误差进行分析,并按照环流形势和影响系统对强降水个例进行分型,分为西南地区东部低涡切变型、西南地区东部-江淮切变型、南风型,分别对上述三类不同类型强降水个例的落区和强度误差进行了对比。得到如下结论:西南地区东部降水预报形态误差占比最大,为60%左右,其次是落区误差,为30%左右,强度误差最小,约为10%;落区平均偏西0.7°,经向偏差不明显;模式对于水平尺度较小的降水目标漏报可能性较大,而对于天气尺度降水目标模式预报面积偏大,总降水量偏大,雨强偏小;西南地区东部低涡切变型和西南地区东部-江淮切变型降水强度预报误差类似,模式预报雨区面积均偏大,降水尺度越大,偏大的概率越大,实况平均降水强度越强,模式预报强度越偏弱;南风型预报强降水面积和平均强度均偏弱,出现漏报的概率较大;而对于最大降水量,三种类型模式预报的最强降水均较实况偏弱;西南地区东部低涡切变型模式预报落区偏西,江淮至西南地区东部切变型模式预报落区偏西偏北,南风型模式预报落区偏西偏南。     

辽宁区域性大暴雨成因分析及多模式数值预报空间检验

利用三源融合格点降水实况、加密自动站观测资料、雷达基本反射率因子、高分辨率数值预报产品及FNL再分析资料, 对2020年汛期辽宁地区12次区域性暴雨过程进行天气系统分型检验表明, 气旋型暴雨模式的可预报性较低。选取2021年7月12—14日辽宁地区典型气旋型暴雨过程进一步分析, 采用面向对象目标的空间检验方法SAL, 结合传统检验方法, 从结构、强度和位置三个方面定量分析不同模式预报偏差的原因。结果表明: 暴雨落区集中且呈双雨带分布, 局地雨强大, 辽宁东、西部降水成因不同。CMA区域模式较全球模式暴雨TS评分高; SAL空间检验表明, CMA区域模式对于雨带内部结构把握较好, 全球模式结构误差主要来源于降水极值预报不足; 强度检验表明, CMA-MESO3km强度接近实况, EC_THIN次之, CMA_GFS的降水强度预报较差; 各模式暴雨落区基本可信, CMA-MESO3km最优, 暴雨落区的误差主要由于模式预报降水过程主体重心与实况的偏差较大所致。     

2006年T213模式在江苏的降水和温度检验评估

为了了解T213模式在江苏区域的预报性能,对该模式在江苏区域的降水和温度预报进行了检验和评估.检验结果表明,在江苏区域,T213模式晴雨预报正确率近70%,模式对降水预报具有一定的指示作用,影响中小量级降水TS评分的主要因素是模式预报的虚假降水成分较多,中等以上量级则存在降水中心落区预报偏差较大的情况.T213模式温度预报值系统性偏低3 ℃左右,模式分析场的温度偏低且与实况误差较大,是造成这种情况的主要原因,因此进行温度订正是必要的.     

基于时域对象的网格降水预报的追踪诊断分析

检验和评估模式降水预报的时间和位置偏差对提高降水预报准确率有重要意义,而传统点对点的检验方法对此无能为力。基于2018年和2019年6-8月欧洲中期预报中心(ECMWF)降水预报资料,利用面向对象时域诊断分析工具(MTD),追踪模式降水预报对象的生命周期、初生、消散等预报表现。研究表明:(1)个例分析显示,时域诊断分析工具MTD能够很好的从三维降水场中提取降水对象,进而刻画降水对象的生命周期及开始结束时间,对客观描述降水对象的时间偏差具有独特的优势;(2)低阈值条件下模式预报能很好地描述降水对象的空间分布,不足在于观测降水对象较模式预报明显偏多;随着降水阈值增大,预报与观测降水对象的空间频次呈现出显著差异,表明模式对强降水的位置预报仍然需要改进;(3)采用最小卷积半径和降水阈值定义降水对象,观测和预报场中80%的降水对象生命周期小于15 h,且生命周期随着降水阈值和卷积半径的增大而减小;(4)三维对象追踪显示,预报对象的持续时间较观测偏短,移动速度较观测整体偏慢。     

一种定量降水预报误差检验技术及其应用

面向对象检验技术是定量降水预报误差分析方法之一,通过对某一降水过程进行分离,实现对其落区、量级等预报误差的定量化分析。基于面向对象的检验方法和天气系统识别技术,本文利用实况观测资料、ECMWF全球数值模式产品,以2012年汛期西南地区5个典型强降水天气过程作为检验对象,对其降水及天气尺度影响系统1～10 d模式预报误差进行了定量化分析。分析表明:在中短期时效内,模式均对西南地区雨带位置预报偏北、偏西,中期时效内偏差更显著,雨带主轴上70%以上的点预报较实况偏北在2°以内,偏西约3°以内;预报的大雨及以上量级降水量较实况偏弱;模式1～2 d预报的极值分布与实况较为接近,随着预报时效延长,预报的极值较实况明显偏小;模式预报的小雨及以下量级的降水范围较实况偏大,对大雨以上量级的降水范围较实况明显偏小。对于四川盆地而言,预报的切变线较零场偏西0.5°～3°。低空急流预报偏西0.5°～1.5°;低空急流强度预报偏差具有季节差异。     

千米尺度数值预报模式对泰山地区暖季降水预报性能的评估

为深入认识对流可分辨模式对小尺度孤立地形区降水的预报性能,使用2017年暖季（5—9月）台站逐时降水观测数据,以小时尺度降水特征为指标,细致评估了千米尺度分辨率（3 km）的北京“睿图”短期数值预报子系统（RMAPS-ST）对泰山及其周边地区降水特征的预报能力,并对比了不同起报时次（北京时08时和20时）的预报差异。评估发现,RMAPS-ST可以再现泰山站的局地降水中心,但区域西南侧降水预报小于观测,而泰山站及其东北侧则相反。清晨和午后时段的降水预报与观测相比存在较大偏差。以泰山站为例,RMAPS-ST易于低估夜间至清晨时段的降水频率,这可能与模式对降水系统发展演变过程的预报偏差以及清晨泰山站弱降水事件的漏报有关;清晨泰山站降水强度的预报在不同起报时次的结果中存在差异,20时起报存在大幅度高估的问题,进而导致其暖季平均降水量预报大于观测,而08时起报对于清晨降水强度的高估不明显;08时起报易高估泰山站午后的降水频率,这与其午后短历时降水事件数预报偏多有关,模式对山区热动力场的预报偏差是午后降水空报的可能原因。小时尺度降水特征已应用于中国气象局区域数值预报模式的业务评估体系中,本研究结果也表明,此类评估有助于深入认识千米尺度数值预报模式对降水日内变化的预报能力,从而为精细化降水产品的订正提供更详实的科学依据。      

尺度分解技术在定量降水临近预报检验中的应用

采用2004年Casati提出的强度-尺度检验技术,选取2008年汛期代表不同类型降水(对流云降水、层状云降水、混合云降水)的4个降水过程,从尺度分解角度入手,对"世界气象组织天气研究计划——北京奥运会预报示范项目"(WWRP B08FDP)项目中4个I临近预报参加系统(BJANC,GRAPES-SWIFT,STEPS,CARDS)的1h定量降水预报进行时空尺度分解检验,研究降水预报技巧与降水时空尺度和强度之间的关系。结果表明:尽管目前国际先进的临近预报系统的水平分辨率已高达1～2km,但其有技巧的临近预报能力主要集中于空间尺度大于32km、时间尺度大于1h的降水系统,而对小于这些尺度的降水系统预报能力仍非常有限;在不同时空尺度的临近预报降水误差中,60%以上的误差来自于空间尺度小于8km的降水,85%以上的误差来自于时间尺度小于1h的降水,传统的外推技术不能满足这些较小时空尺度降水预报的需求,要发展有效的预报方法来提高较小时空尺度降水的预报能力。将基于外推的临近预报和基于稠密观测资料、快速更新的数值预报的潜势预报相结合可能是一条有效的解决途径。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

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AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.