包含正定水汽输送算法改进的MM4中尺度模式与暴雨实例数值试验

暴雨预报是一个既重要又十分困难的问题。水汽条件是产生暴雨的关键，水汽的平流输送在模式的水汽方程中占有重要地位，模式对暴雨的预报能力必然涉及到水汽输送的计算精度问题；本文以著名的中尺度模式ＭＭ４为基础，理论测试和分析为依据，以引入新的正定高精度水汽输送算法作为消除模式水汽负值和改进中尺度模式预报能力的途径，研制了取名为改进的ＭＭ４中尺度模式，该模式除仍保留原ＭＭ４模式的所有功能外，增加了５种水汽输送算法的改进与选择，这５种算法是：１）Ｂ网格二阶守恒中心差（原ＭＭ４平流格式），２）上游差分，３）Ｂｏｔ（２阶），４）Ｂｏｔ（４阶），５）Ｐｒａｔｈｅｒ格式。多个暴雨、台风个例试验表明模式预报能力对水汽输送算法精度有显著的依赖性，采用高精度的水汽输送算法水汽保证正值并提高了模式对暴雨区、降水结构、雨团活动的预报能力。改进水汽输送算法的精度是提高中尺度模式对暴雨预报能力的重要途径。     

水汽输送的算法精度与模式暴雨预报能力的对比分析

利用中尺度模式ＭＭ４，研究了中尺度模式的暴雨模拟对于不同不汽输送方案的敏感性。采用５种平流差分格式来计算水汽的水平输送，用该模式对３次暴雨过程作了数值试验。并把不同方案的降水模拟结果与实况进行了对比。结果表明，中尺度模式的暴雨模拟对水汽输送方案十分敏感，正定高精度的Ｐｒａｔｈｅｒ格式的模拟结果最接近实况。     

模式低空急流结构与水汽输送精度的数值试验

本文所使用的中尺度模式ＭＭ４改进了水汽平流的计算精度，引入了Ｐｒａｔｈｅｒ和Ｂｏｔｔ两种高精度正定闰流差分格式。首先探讨了仅考虑模式平流过程的情况下不同平流差分格式的误差特征对模式结果的可能影响。结果显示：ＭＭ４中原有的水汽平流差分格式在水汽梯度较大处产生水汽负值，而引入搞精度格式能正确模拟水汽为分布的特征，对不同精度的水汽平流分格式作了数值试验，不同格式下模式的低突急流结构有较明显差别，水汽输送     

改进的MM4模式暴雨实例对比试验

本文利用改进了水汽输送方案的中尺度模式ＭＭ４对三次暴雨过程作了试验。这三次过程包括两次长江中下游特大暴雨和一次华并暴雨。把三次暴雨过程的降水实况和采用不同水汽输送方案所得到的模拟降水结果进行了对比，并主要分析了“８２．６”湖北特大暴雨过程。     

MM5微机模拟系统的简介和初步应用个例

本文将ＰＳＵ／ＮＣＡＲ ＭＭ５中尺度数值模式移植到微机上,利用改进的空军中尺度数值预报业务系统的前后处理技术,在微机（或工作站）上建立起了ＭＭ５中尺度模式模拟系统,介绍了该系统的各模块技术方案同时对南北方两次性质不同的暴雨个例进行了成功的模拟,并对一次梅雨锋暴雨进行了数值试验。实践表明,ＭＭ５中尺度模式诉建立十分成功,对天气形势、降水特别是暴雨等重大灾害性天气的模拟能力较强,模拟效果与实际基本一致     

水汽平流计算精度对暴雨模拟的影响与实例分析

利用改进了水汽平流精度的中尺度模式ＭＭ４模拟了一次江淮暴雨。通过对不同平流格式所模拟的水汽场的对比,并辅以动力热力机制分析,阐述了不同水汽平流格式造成不同的中－α、中－β尺度降水的原因。结果表明,将高精度、正定的水汽平流格式引入ＭＭ４模式有助于提高模式的模拟能力。     

关于暴雨水汽输送机制的初步探讨

关于暴雨的水汽输送问题,近年来很多人作了大量的工作。一般认为,水汽输送以低空为主,低空急流中的水汽通量辐合起着水汽输送的作用。但是,实践中发现并不是每次大暴雨都伴有低空急流。在这种情况下,水汽是怎样输送到暴雨区的呢?弄清这个问题是很有必要的。本文根据1978年7、8月华北地区两次暴雨,对水汽输送机制问题作一粗浅的探讨。     

中尺度模式MM4对高精度水汽输送#C$算法的敏感性试验

水汽输送的算法精度对中尺度模式的预报能力起有重要作用。本文在MM4的基础上用高精度的平流格式改进模式的水汽输送格式，使改进后的模式包含了对多种高精度的水汽输送格式的选择，如Prather格式和Bott格式。这些格式都是正定的，在理想风场的数值实验中几乎无数值耗散，无计算频散。我们在B网格中央差格式（原MM4中的格式）、Upstream格式和 Prather格式等模式选择项下，对1982年6月的一次梅雨期暴雨过程进行了数值对比实验。结果表明:1）模式的预报能力对水汽输送格式的精度较敏感， 2）高精度的水汽输送格式（Prather格式） 提高了模式对暴雨区、降水场结构、雨团活动的预报能力，较真实地模拟出了尺度较小的降水系统的活动。 高精度的水汽输送算法有助于提高中尺度模式的预报精度。     

区域海气耦合模式对华北夏季大气水汽输送模拟结果的检验及其与单独气候模式的比较分析

将区域海气耦合模式RegCM3-POM和区域气候模式RegCM3 40年(1963-2002年)的模拟结果与NCEP/NCAR再分析资料进行对比,检验区域海气耦合模式对中国华北地区夏季大气水汽含量和水汽输送特征的模拟能力,比较耦合模式与单独区域气候模式的差异.结果表明,区域海气耦合模式RegCM3-POM的模拟性能相对于单独区域气候模式RegCM3,大气水汽输送特征的模拟能力有了较大的改进.分析显示两种模式都能够较好地再现东哑地区气候平均夏季大气水汽储量浅红和水汽输送的空间分布特征,而耦合模式对大气水汽输送的模拟更为合理.在对流层中低层更接近观测;耦合模式对中国华北地区夏季平均大气水汽输送通量在垂直方向卜的分布型及水平4个边界水汽输送收支的模拟,相对于单独大气模式有了一定的改进;耦合模式对伴随华北地区夏季早涝的大气水汽异常输送也具有较好的模拟能力,其模拟的水汽输送异常的来源与观测基本一致,尤其是在20°N以北地区,耦合模式结果相对于单独区域气候模式有了很大的改进.但同时耦合模式在低纬度海洋上对气候平均夏季大气水汽含量模拟的偏差比区域气候模式显著;与观测相比,耦合模式对来自孟加拉湾地区的大气水汽输送模拟偏弱,而对西太平洋副热带高压西侧水汽输送模拟偏强,与华北夏季旱涝相联系的水汽输送异常的模拟在低纬度海洋上也存在明显偏差.     

台风韦森特对季风水汽流的“转运”效应及其对北京“7·21”暴雨的影响

2012年7月21日北京地区遭受了61年以来最大的暴雨,造成了大量的人员伤亡与巨大的财产损失。资料综合分析表明台风韦森特在暴雨发生过程中的水汽输送起到“枢纽”的作用,夏季季风通过台风韦森特在副高的影响下将水汽“转运”至暴雨区。为了验证北京异常暴雨过程中台风韦森特的“转运”效应,利用中尺度数值模式WRF对暴雨过程进行数值模拟,结果表明模式能够较好的模拟出此次降水过程的强度、落区,且暴雨发生过程中的水汽输送亦能够较好的再现。通过设计剔除台风的敏感性试验发现,剔除台风韦森特之后降水强度仅为控制试验的50%。进一步分析表明低纬季风水汽气流通过处于东南沿海的台风韦森特向暴雨区域输送水汽,在此过程中西南气流直接向北京区域的水汽输送减少,而西南气流向台风的水汽输送增加,台风与东侧副热带高压之间的偏南气流向暴雨区的水汽输送明显增强,从而印证了上述西南季风气流—台风涡旋—暴雨环流三个系统之间水汽的“转运”效应。以上结果表明远距离暴雨的发生是一个复杂的过程,不仅反映了中低纬度系统的相互作用,而且揭示出夏季季风水汽流对台风涡旋的水汽输送持续供应也可能是台风远距离异常暴雨发生的关键因素之一。     

Numerical analysis and case experiment for forecasting capability by using high accuracy moisture advectional algorithm

Summary The paper concerns the sensitivity of the regional mesoscale model (MM4) to a moisture transport algorithm with different accuracies, and the effective improvement of the capability to simulate meso-scale synoptical event by using the revised version of the algorithm. The two advective schemes of second-order moment conservational Prather scheme (PRS hereinafter) and the polynomial-fitted fourth-order Bott scheme and the upstream scheme (UPS) are introduced into the MM4 to calculate moisture transport in order to provide other types of the algorithm with different accuracies for choice in addition to the original B grid second-order central scheme. Of the three schemes, the first two ensure the positive definite character with high accuracy (almost no numerical disspation and computational dispersion); and the last one also keeps the positive definite feature, but possesses stronger capability of numerical dissipation. Case studies have been undertaken of several rainstorm and typhoon events by virtue of the different-accuracy moisture transport algorithm, other things being the same. Results reveal great differences between them. An significant improvement is found in determining meso-scale synoptic system structure, rain cluster activity, rainstorm belt and its center, severity and its persistence, and the false alarm of or failure to report subrainstorm center when the PRS scheme is employed. Obviously, these differences and improvement are only due to moisture re-distribution for different schemes of moisture transport and the related variation of latent heat. The paper investigates the influences of different numerical schemes. The high accuracy and positive solution PRS application which produces a significant improvement in the model result, demonstrating the sensitivity of the model to moisture distribution in the model represents an important measure to improve the simulation by means of revising the numerically calculating method.With 11 Figures     

Intercomparison of precipitation simulated by regional climate models over East Asia in 1997 and 1998

Regional climate simulations in Asia from May 1997 to August 1998 were performed using the Seoul National University regional climate model （SNURCM） and Iowa State University regional climate model （ALT.MM5/LSM）, which were developed by coupling the NCAR/Land Surface Model （LSM） and the Mesoscale Model （MM5）. However, for physical processes of precipitation, the SNURCM used the Grell scheme for the convective parameterization scheme （CPS） and the simple ice scheme for the explicit moisture scheme （EMS）, while the ALT.MM5/LSM used the Betts-Miller scheme for CPS and the mixed phase scheme for EMS.
The simulated precipitation patterns and amounts over East Asia for the extreme climatic summer in 1997 （relative drought conditions） and 1998 （relative flood conditions） were especially focused upon. The ALT.MM5/LSM simulated more precipitation than was observed in 1997 due to more moisture and cloud water in the lower levels, despite weak upward motion. In the SNURCM, strong upward motion resulted in more precipitation than that was observed in 1998, with more moisture and cloud water in the middle levels. In the ALT.MM5/LSM, weak upward motion, unchanged moisture in the lower troposphere, and the decrease in latent heat flux at the surface increased convective precipitation only by 3% for the 1998 summer event. In the SNURCM, strong upward motion, the increase in moisture in the lower troposphere, and the increase in latent heat flux at the surface increased convective precipitation by 48% for the summer of 1998. The main differences between both simulations were moisture availability and horizontal momentum transport in the lower troposphere, which were also strongly influenced by large-scale forcing.     

一个陆面过程参数化模式与 MM5的耦合

在法国陆面过程模式的基础上,为了表示冠层叶片遮挡对水分蒸发阻抗的影响,在植被覆盖部分引入了遮盖因子,然后将这个修正的陆面过程参数化模式耦合到MM5模式中。耦合后的模式模拟出了因为降水造成土壤湿度变化和植被覆盖动态作用对地面通量的影响,而原MM5模式模拟结果则没有反映上述动态变化对地面通量的作用。原MM5模式和耦合模式模拟了1993年8月17日到20日以内蒙古半干旱草原为中心的中尺度区域的气象场,模拟结果和IMGRASS预观测资料进行了对比,对比说明新的陆面过程模式提高了MM5模式对地面通量和边界层各物理量（风、温、湿）的模拟精度。     

Application of a Shape-Preserving Advection Scheme to the Moisture Equation in an E-grid Regional Forecast Model

This paper presents a methodology which is very useful to design shape-preserving advection finite difference scheme on general E-grid horizontal arrangement of variables through introducing a two-step shape-preserving positive definite advection scheme in the moisture equation of the LASG-REM (LASG regional E-grid eta-coordinate forecast model). By trial-forecasting six local heavy raincases, the efficiency of the shape-preserving advection scheme in practical application has been examined. The LASG-REM with the shape-preserving advection scheme has a good forecasting ability for local precipitation.     

北京地区一次辐射雾的数值模拟

利用非静力中尺度模式MM5V3对2006年11月20日北京地区的一次大雾天气过程进行了数值研究。模拟结果与极轨卫星监测图像以及十二通道微波辐射计观测资料的对比表明,模式对此次雾的模拟是比较成功的,尤其是在雾区的分布位置、雾的高度以及雾的维持时间等方面。针对不同的云物理方案、长波辐射项、短波辐射项以及模式的垂直分辨率进行了4组敏感性实验。结果表明,地面的长波辐射冷却促使辐射雾的形成,而短波辐射的加热是辐射雾消散的主要原因。另外,增加模式的垂直分辨率以及选取更加详细的云微物理方案可以使模式模拟的辐射雾的结果有明显的改善。     

PRM标量平流方案在GRAPES全球预报系统中的应用

如何更好地模拟水物质的分布,对于数值天气预报效果的改进,特别是对于更好地模拟降水过程,具有重要的意义。半拉格朗日模式中的标量平流计算要求做到高精度、守恒、正定和保形,但GRAPES_GFS (Global-Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System, Global Forecast System) 中采用的QMSL(Quasi-Monotone Semi-Lagrangian)平流方案在水汽的强梯度、不连续区域计算精度较低,且不能做到严格守恒。本研究借鉴计算流体力学领域的研究进展,将一个基于分段有理函数的物质平流方案PRM(Piecewise Rational Method)引入GRAPES_GFS中,按照通量形式求解水汽方程,并对极区进行了混合等技术处理。通过一系列理想试验对两种平流方案进行了对比,证明了PRM方案精度较高,特别是在水汽梯度大的区域优势明显,频散、耗散误差较小,守恒、保形性也要好于QMSL方案。通过对GRAPES_GFS中批量预报试验效果的检验,验证了PRM方案可以有效地改进模式对水物质分布的模拟,提高了降水的预报效果,对模式综合预报性能的提升也有明显作用。     

NUMERICAL PREDICTION EXPERIMENT OF AN ADVECTION FOG IN NANLING MOUNTAIN AREA*

Now more comprehensive cloud microphysical processes have been included in advanced three-dimensional mesoscale meteorological model such as PSU/NCAR MM5 model,so the model can be used in the prediction of fog.In this paper,MM5 was utilized to simulate an advection fog occurring in Nanling Mountain area.The simulated results were compared with the facts obtained by detailed observation experiment.The results showed that the simulation was successful in the following aspects:(1)the formation and development of the fog;(2)the temporal variation of the maximum liquid water content;(3)the diffusion of the cold air,especially the temporal variation of the ground temperature;and (4)the uplift of the air and the formation and development of the low-lever inversion.Besides,we did some sensitivity numerical experiments and discussed the effects of the radiation,the release of condensation latent heat and the change of soil moisture and temperature on the formation and development of fog.The success of numerical simulation experiment of fog has proved that the numerical forecasting of fog is promising.     

MM5 simulations of interannual change and the diurnal cycle of southern African regional climate

Summary Two cumulus convection and two planetary boundary layer schemes are used to investigate the climate of southern Africa using the MM5 regional climate model. Both a wet (1988/89) and a dry (1991/92) summer (December–February, DJF) rainfall season are simulated and the results compared with three different observational sources: Climate Research Unit seasonal data (precipitation, 2 m surface temperature, number of rain days), satellite-derived diurnal precipitation and the Surface Radiation Budget diurnal short-wave fluxes and optical depth. Using the ETA model boundary layer in MM5 simulates too much incident short-wave radiation at the surface at 12 UTC, whereas the medium range forecast model boundary layer yields a diurnal cycle of short-wave radiation closer to the observed. The Betts-Miller convection scheme in MM5 simulates peak rainfall later in the day and less rain days than observed, whereas when using the Kain-Fritsch convection scheme a peak rainfall earlier in the day and more rain days than observed are simulated. The intensity of the hydrological cycle is therefore dependent on the choice of convection scheme, which in turn is further modified by the boundary layer scheme. Precipitation during the wet 1988/89 season is reasonably captured by most simulations, though using the Betts-Miller scheme more accurately simulates rainfall during the dry 1991/92 season. Mean DJF biases in the surface temperature and diurnal temperature range are consistent with biases in the number of rain days and the diurnal cycles of surface moisture and energy.