基于4D-VAR的动态非对称台风初值化方法试验研究

经典BDA台风初值化方案中台风模型为一个不能充分反映个别台风具体特征的轴对称海平面涡旋场,且在同化窗口内强迫发展着的台风向这个静止涡旋场适应。本文针对该特点,提出一种充分融合分析场信息和实况信息并考虑副高影响的非对称台风Bogus方法,利用PSU/NCAR的MM5模式及其伴随模式,通过四维变分同化(4D-VAR)技术,建立动态非对称BDA方案,对多个不同时次的Bogus资料进行同化。通过对夏季受副热带高压影响较大的6个台风的数值模拟试验对比发现,新方案的路径模拟普遍优于经典方案,且对于经典方案没能改善路径模拟的时段,新方法的模拟效果却能得以改进;新方法模拟的强度普遍弱于经典方案,但这种趋势使得新方法的中后期模拟强度较经典方案更接近于实况。另外,当实况中台风强度已大为减弱时,同化试验模拟的台风仍然保持很强的强度,造成气旋的过度发展,这种情况对BDA方案模拟效果的限制作用还需进一步研究。     

非对称Bogus台风与QuikSCAT风场资料的三维变分同化应用对台风数值模拟影响研究

针对台风Bogus三维变分同化现有方法所存在的不足,引入台风移向、移速等客观因素构造出非对称台风风场模型,并与QuikSCAT风场产品相结合共同改善模式初始场。通过对比初始场增量发现,同化台风Bogus资料能较好地订正出包括高空反气旋环流在内的整层大气环流特征,而QuikSCAT风场资料则主要改善了底层环流特征,修正了台风中心位置,并且部分弥补了Bogus资料影响范围有限这一不足。接着通过设计试验方案对“云娜”台风加强阶段进行了模拟研究,结果表明：在变分同化系统的约束下,背景场、Bogus资料与QuikSCAT风场资料较协调地结合在一起,提高了台风路径及强度模拟水平,尤其是底层内外物理量的共同改进,对台风的模拟效果有明显的正效应。     

非对称台风风场的动力初始化应用研究

在对比NCAR-AFWA三维Bogus(虚拟)风场及风压场方案的基础上,虚拟台风模型中的水平风场采用考虑台风移速、移向、摩擦等客观因素的非对称方案,垂直风场采用考虑高空反气旋环流的风廓线方案,然后利用Nudging动力初始化技术形成新的模式初始场.最后对"云娜"台风进行数值模拟,结果表明:通过合理引入客观因子及观测事实对台风Bogus模型进行构建,并利用同化方法使各个物理量相互协调,可以使初始场与实况更加接近,从而在一定程度上提高台风路径及强度的预报水平,并对降水分布的预报效果也有所改善.     

改进的台风初值化方案及四维变分同化的个例试验

由于洋面上常规观测资料严重不足,使得客观分析的结果难以准确地描写初始台风的热力结构和环流特征,这是造成台风数值预报误差较大的重要原因.传统的Bogus方案虽然对台风预报有很大改进,但是仍有许多不足.文中在前人研究工作的基础上,对Bogus方案进行了改进,提高了对台风强度的描述能力,并结合四维变分资料同化的方法,利用模式动力学约束,自动生成具有非对称环流结构的台风初值,最后进行了四维变分同化试验和数值模拟试验.数值结果表明:这种结合Bogus方法和四维变分同化方法的台风初值化方案对于台风的路径模拟和强度模拟均有较好的改进.     

几种台风初始化方法及其对比实验

利用中尺度MM5V3模式及其伴随系统，运用四维变分同化方法，将Bogus台风作为观测资料进而优化台风初始场，对0422号台风个例进行了数值模拟和试验，并与传统Bogus方法和Nudging方法进行比较。结果表明，经过BDA方案优化的台风初始场更加接近实际台风的结构，有效地提高了台风路径和强度预报的准确率。     

多源资料循环同化在台风“潭美”预报中的应用

为了检验不同观测资料在台风预报中的作用,以美国NCEP (National Centers for Environmental prediction)业务同化系统GSI (Grid Statistical Interpolation)为平台,选取2013年路径较复杂且登陆后降水持续较强的“潭美”台风过程为例,分别加入常规地面和高空观测资料、极轨卫星NOAA18、NOAA19、METOP-A和METOP-B资料,以及多普勒雷达基数据资料,探讨不同观测资料同化对台风的预报效果。同时,对台风采用Bogus初始化方案以及循环资料同化对台风路径和强度预报效果进行了对比分析。结果表明:常规观测资料对台风路径预报改善效果最明显,卫星资料的融入对海上台风路径的修正较好,而雷达资料则对台风登陆后的路径预报有改善;并且多源资料的融入效果最好。同时,采用Bogus方案可有效调整初始台风的位置和强度,从而对后期台风路径和强度预报有正效应。采用间隔6 h资料循环同化方法,可有效利用各时段资料,对台风路径和强度预报有较好的改善。      

资料同化对2017年登陆广东沿海台风的短期降水与路径预报影响

利用华南精细数值天气预报模式,设计了无同化资料(CTRL)、同化雷达反演水汽(EXP1)以及同化雷达反演水汽、地面和探空资料(EXP2)三个试验,对2017年登陆广东沿海的四个台风降水预报与路径预报进行模拟,以评估资料同化对登陆台风短期降水预报、路径预报的影响。分析结果如下:雷达反演水汽同化后对未来24小时降水预报技巧均有正的改善,对台风路径预报影响不大;在此基础上同化地面、探空资料后对台风路径预报有改进,对降水预报改进不明显(与EXP1比)。通过诊断分析台风“玛娃”,发现模式初值场水汽的增量配合对流上升区有利于短时间内成云致雨,从而提高短时降水预报;地面及探空资料同化有利于登陆台风的短时路径预报。      

BDA方案在台风路径预报中的应用

利用PSU／NCAR中尺度非静力有限区域MM5及其伴随模式,以T106分析资料为背景场,设计两种台风Bogus方案对台风的初始场进行优化,并进行了数值模拟试验。对9608号台风个例的数值模拟试验研究表明,经过优化的台风初始场较好地改进了由于海洋上资料缺乏所造成的台风中心位置不准、台风环流偏弱和台风内部结构不完整等问题,提高了台风路径预报的准确率。通过试验对比发现,BDA方案优化的初始场更合理,其台风路径预报效果优于GFDL方案。     

TBB资料揭示的亚澳季风区季节转换及亚洲夏季风建立的特征

发展了一个用于台风路径预报的初始场人造台风方案。该方案除包含对称台风环流外,也考虑了非对称风的作用。使用双向移动套网格模式作的试验预报结果表明,初始场中引入人造台风后能明显提高径预报的水平。     

基于模式约束三维变分技术的连续循环同化试验研究

由于模式约束三维变分同化技术中考虑了模式的动力和物理过程,因此能保证各物理量间的平衡关系,从而滤除由于观测资料引入导致的高频波动,减小模式与初始场的协调时间.由于能在较短时间调整到稳定状态,采用模式约束三维变分同化进行连续循环同化可用较少的计算量达到同化多时次的多种观测资料的目的.该研究利用模式约束三维变分技术,针对2006年"桑美"台风个例,进行了连续循环同化卫星云导风、QuikSCAT海面风、Bogus海平面气压的试验.在台风数值预报中往往需要使用经验构造的台风信息(如Bogus海平面气压,Bogus风场等),该研究采用了模式约束三维变分同化技术同化Bogus海平面气压.由于模式约束三维变分同化技术充分考虑了各物理量间的约束,因此通过同化Bogus海平面气压也调整了初始场中相应的高度场、温度场、风场等变量,使得初始场中的台风涡旋具有较强的协调性,提高了对台风的模拟能力.采用AVN模式6小时间隔的分析场作为侧边界,2006年8月8日20时的分析场作为初估场,文中对8月8日20时到9日05时"桑美"台风的观测资料进行了连续循环同化.采用连续循环同化后台风路径的模拟精度得到了显著提高,对台风降水结构等的模拟也得到了改善.     

台风数值模拟中bogus涡旋四维变分同化的研究

研究用MM5四维变分同化系统同化bogus涡旋变量对台风数值模拟的影响,对2002年13号台风Phanfone进行48h预报,结果表明：用四维变分方法同化bogus涡旋变量效果优于在背景场中直接植入模型涡旋的传统bogus技术。同时同化bogus涡旋的风、气压、温度和比湿效果不如只同化气压和其中任一变量。同化bogus涡旋的气压和比湿,能够调整模式初始场的其他变量,得到结构更清晰、与环境场更协调的初始涡旋,从而在一定程度上提高了台风Phanfone路径和强度预报的准确性。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON A DYNAMIC ASYMMETRICAL TYPHOON INITIALIZATION SCHEME BASED ON 4D-VAR

Axisymmetric bogus vortexes at sea level are usually used in the traditional bogus data assimilation (BDA) scheme. In the traditional scheme, the vortex could not accurately describe the specific characteristics of a typhoon, and the evolving real typhoon is forced to unreasonably adapt to this changeless vortex. For this reason, an asymmetrical typhoon bogus method with information blended from the analysis and the observation is put forward in this paper, in which the impact of the Subtropical High is also taken into consideration. With the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) and its adjoint model, a four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) technique is employed to build a dynamic asymmetrical BDA scheme to assimilate different asymmetrical bogus vortexes at different time. The track and intensity of six summer typhoons much influenced by the Subtropical High are simulated and the results are compared. It is shown that the improvement in track simulation in the new scheme is more significant than that in the traditional scheme. Moreover, the periods for which the track cannot be simulated well by the traditional scheme can be improved with the new scheme. The results also reveal that although the simulated typhoon intensity in the new scheme is generally weaker than that in the traditional scheme, this trend enables the new scheme to simulate, in the later period, closer-to-observation intensity than the traditional scheme. However, despite the fact that the observed intensity has been largely weakened, the simulated intensity at later periods of the BDA schemes is still very intensive, resulting in overly development of the typhoon during the simulation. The limitation to the simulation effect of the BDA scheme due to this condition needs to be further studied.     

EXPERIMENTS OF ENSEMBLE FORECAST OF TYPHOON TRACK USING BDA PERTURBING METHOD

A new method, BDA perturbing, is used in ensemble forecasting of typhoon track. This method is based on the Bogus Data Assimilation scheme. It perturbs the initial position and intensity of typhoons and gets a series of bogus vortex. Then each bogus vortex is used in data assimilation to obtain initial conditions. Ensemble forecast members are constructed by conducting simulation with these initial conditions. Some cases of typhoon are chosen to test the validity of this new method and the results show that: using the BDA perturbing method to perturb initial position and intensity of typhoon for track forecast can improve accuracy, compared with the direct use of the BDA assimilation scheme. And it is concluded that a perturbing amplitude of intensity of 5 hPa is probably more appropriate than 10 hPa if the BDA perturbing method is used in combination with initial position perturbation.     

Numerical Simulation of a Landfall Typhoon Using a Bogus Data Assimilation Scheme

A typhoon bogus data assimilation scheme (BDA) using dimension-reduced projection four-dimen-sional variational data assimilation (DRP-4-DVar),called DRP-BDA for short,is built in the Advanced Regional Eta Model (AREM).As an adjoint-free approach,DRP-BDA saves time,and only several minutes are taken for the full BDA process.To evaluate its performance,the DRP-BDA is applied to a case study on a landfall ty-phoon,Fengshen (2008),from the Northwestern Pacific Ocean to Guangdong province,in which the bogus sea level pressure (SLP) is assimilated as a kind of observa-tion.The results show that a more realistic typhoon with correct center position,stronger warm core vortex,and more reasonable wind fields is reproduced in the analyzed initial condition through the new approach.Compared with the control run (CTRL) initialized with NCEP Final (FNL) Global Tropospheric Analyses,the DRP-BDA leads to an evidently positive impact on typhoon track forecasting and a small positive impact on typhoon inten-sity forecasting.Furthermore,the forecast landfall time conforms to the observed landfall time,and the forecast track error at the 36th hour is 32 km,which is much less than that of the CTRL (450 km).     

A New Typhoon Bogus Data Assimilation and its Sampling Method: A Case Study

In this study,the authors introduce a new bogus data assimilation method based on the dimension-reduced projection 4-DVar,which can resolve the cost function directly in low-dimensional space.The authors also try a new method to improve the quality of samples,which are the base of dimension-reduced space projection bogus data assimilation (DRP-BDA).By running a number of numerical weather models with different model parameterization combinations on the typhoon Sinlaku,the authors obtained two groups of samples with different spreads and similarities.After DRP-BDA,the results show that,compared with the control runs,the simulated typhoon center pressure can be deepened by more than 20 hPa to 30 hPa and that the intensity can last as long as 60 hours.The mean track error is improved after DRP-BDA,and the structure of the typhoon is also improved.The wind near the typhoon center is enhanced dramatically,while the warm core is moderate.     

台风路径实时数值预报的初步试验

根据国家气象中心建立的台风路径数值预报试验系统，引入了模型台风。模型台风是利用获得的场面参数构成的，然后再叠加到客观分析场上作为台风路径预报的初始场。引入模型台风后，无论是台风中心位置还是其流场、质量场与实际观测比较接近，且预报效果有一定提高。利用模型台风对1992年Eli（9205号）和Janis（9210号）台风进行了实时的预报试验。结果表明对这二个台风的移动趋势基本上能预报出来，预报的台风路径与实况进行了对比，并与气候持续预报作了比较，效果较好。     

多时刻台风Bogus资料同化对台风"天鹅"的影响

基于GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Predition System)三维变分同化系统,设计在6小时内分别应用三小时一次和逐小时的台风定位和定强信息对台风进行多次BDA(Bogus Data Assimilation)同化,在多次BDA中只同化近似程度高的涡旋风分量而近似...     

在台风业务系统中使用卫星云导风资料的试验

在国家气象中心台隐数值预报业务系统中引入国家卫星气象中心提供的卫星云导风资料,进行两项预报试验。第一项是把卫星云导风资料作为观测资料进行最优插值客观分析;第二项是将云导风资料加入到轴对称的人造台风模型风场上,使之产生非对称风场。试验结果表明：卫星云导风资料作为观测资料进入模式后对减小台风路径预报误差效果明显;用云导风形成人造台风模型非对称风场可进一步提高台风路径预报精度。     

The Effects of Assimilating Satellite Brightness Temperature and Bogus Data on the Simulation of Typhoon Kalmaegi (2008)

Observational and bogus satellite data are directly assimilated into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in simulations of Typhoon Kalmaegi (2008). The data assimilation is performed using the Radiative Transfer for TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder (RTTOV) model and the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) technique, with satellite observations taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-16 (NOAA-16) Advanced TIROS Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) system composed of the High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS), the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A), and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B). Data assimilation experiments are initialized at three different times. Improvements in the numerical simulation of the typhoon are discussed in the context of wind, temperature, pressure, and geopotential fields. The results indicate that assimilation of satellite data can improve both the representation of the initial conditions and the subsequent simulation of the typhoon. Different satellite data have different impacts on the typhoon track. In these simulations, data from AMSU-A play a greater role in improving the simulation of the typhoon than data from AMSU-B or HIRS. Assimilation of satellite data significantly affects the simulation of the subtropical high and the steering of the typhoon by the environmental flow. The subtropical high is enhanced and extends westward in the data assimilation experiments. The background flow therefore steers the typhoon more westward, improving the simulated typhoon track. Although direct assimilation of satellite brightness temperature improves the simulated environmental conditions, it does not significantly improve the simulated intensity of the typhoon. By contrast, initializing the typhoon simulation using bogus data in tandem with satellite data improves not only the environmental conditions but also the simulated inner-core structure of the typhoon. Assimilation of both types of data therefore improves the simulation of both the typhoon track and the typhoon intensity. The results of these experiments offer new insight into improving numerical simulations of typhoons.