福建省枇杷气象灾害综合风险评估

通过辨识影响福建省枇杷生长发育和产量的主要致灾因子,分析枇杷对气象灾害的敏感性和暴露性,考虑种植区的防灾减灾能力,构建出枇杷气象灾害综合风险评估指标体系,利用枇杷种植区1971—2011年气象资料,1992—2011年枇杷种植面积、产量及其他社会经济资料,采用层次分析法和熵权系数法融合方法计算各风险指标的权重及各评估单元的风险指数,进而构建枇杷气象灾害的综合风险评估模型,应用GIS技术制作出风险精细区划图,评估枇杷气象灾害的综合风险。结果表明:致灾危险性对综合风险的影响最大,起主要作用;重度以上的综合风险主要分布在福建省5个主要山脉的中高海拔山区以及枇杷种植面积大的莆田市、福清市、云霄县,轻度综合风险区主要分布在中南部沿海县市的低海拔种植区 (除种植大县和东山县外),其余种植区的综合风险属中度。     

基于灾损定量识别的河南省冬小麦晚霜冻风险区划

利用河南省30个农业气象观测站1981-2008年的冬小麦观测资料和气象资料,基于晚霜冻指数和灾度计算了河南省冬小麦晚霜冻发生概率和灾害程度。通过在WOFOST作物模型中增加霜冻影响过程,实现了晚霜冻灾损定量提取,建立了以晚霜冻危险性、暴露性和脆弱性为评价因子的风险评估模型,按照高风险区、次高风险区、中等风险区、次低风险区和低风险区5个等级标准进行了河南省冬小麦晚霜冻风险区划。区划结果表明:冬小麦晚霜冻风险程度较高的地区主要分布在河南省沈丘、卢氏和林州等地,其风险指数都在0.6以上;低风险区主要分布在伊川、巩义、信阳、南阳、太康、濮阳和杞县等地,风险指数都在0.2以下。     

基于GIS的承德市精细化山洪灾害风险区划

为有针对性地做好山区山洪灾害防御,基于近25年加密区域站和国家站气象资料与310个山洪灾情资料,研究精细到乡镇的承德市山洪灾害1小时雨量阈值与3小时雨量阈值；从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性和承灾体脆弱性3个方面,应用层次分析法和专家打分法,建立承德市山洪灾害风险评估模型,基于GIS制作承德市精细化山洪灾害风险区划。结果表明: 承德市山洪灾害较高风险等级以上面积为14318.99km2,占承德总面积的36.2%,中风险等级面积约为11719.38km2,占承德总面积的30%,其余均为中风险等级以下。承德市山洪灾害高风险区主要位于丰宁、隆化大部分地区和市区部分区域以及宽城东南部。     

开源GIS支持下的气象灾害风险区划分析

近年来气象灾害频繁发生,给我国人民生活、经济发展带来严重威胁。灾害风险区划分析作为防灾减灾的基础工作,在我国逐渐展开。为探索一种基于开源GIS的县级区域气象灾害风险区划分析技术方案,首先分析开源GIS的发展状况,探讨了开源GIS的质量、性能及应用中需注意的法律因素等,而后以东营市河口区为例,选择QGIS、ILWIS等开源软件,基于区域灾害系统论构建不同气象灾害的分析模型及综合气象灾害分析模型,进行县级区域气象灾害风险区划分析,最终编制实验区气象灾害风险区划分级图。     

建德市茶叶气象灾害风险区划

基于2010—2022年浙江省建德市区域自动气象站的逐日数据和茶叶种植数据,将早春霜冻、夏季高温热害和冬季冻害作为评价指标,利用层次分析和加权综合评价方法,构建茶叶气象灾害综合风险评估模型。将建德市茶叶气象灾害风险划分为高、中、低3个风险等级。结果表明：建德市茶叶气象灾害综合高风险区主要集中在乾潭、杨村桥、下涯镇西北部和乾潭、三都镇东部区域。中风险区主要集中在莲花、乾潭大部、钦堂中南部、下涯、三都镇中部、大洋镇、梅城镇东部、李家西南部和大同镇北部。低风险区主要集中在杨村桥镇中南部、梅城镇中西部、乾潭镇中部和建德市中南部区域。     

湄潭县冰雹活动规律及防御对策

利用湄潭县气象站1941—2011年气象资料,统计分析湄潭县冰雹的气候特征、移动路径,揭示湄潭县冰雹的活动规律,研究冰雹灾害风险区,并总结提出防御对策,为湄潭县防御和减轻冰雹灾害提供指导。     

基于GIS的青神县暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划

随着全球变暖,气候发生变化,青神县极端天气事件频发,气象灾害特别是暴雨洪涝的发生频率有增加的趋势,给国民经济和社会发展造成重大的损失。本文主要根据气象与气候学、农业气象学、自然地理学、灾害学、自然灾害风险管理等基本理论,在GIS技术的支持下,采用风险指数法、加权综合法、自然断点等方法,绘制青神县暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划图,对青神县暴雨洪涝灾害风险进行分析和评估。结果表明,青神县高风险区和次高风险区主要分布在罗波乡、汉阳镇,以及沿江河流域,其余大部为中等及以下风险区。     

基于RS和GIS天津市津南区气象灾害风险区划研究

利用2014年7月Landsat 8数据,基于RS和GIS技术对天津市津南区气象灾害进行了风险区划。结果表明:基于RS技术提取的天津市津南区高精度土地利用分类,为气象灾害评价提供了重要的基础数据;运用GIS技术将2004—2014年天津市津南区的气象观测数据、地理环境和历史灾情等基础数据整合,采用层次分析法、风险指数法及综合加权法等方法建立了二级评价指标体系,分别从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承载体脆弱性和灾害防御措施4个一级指标展开,建立了津南区各种气象灾害的风险评估模型,绘制了天津市津南区气象灾害综合风险区划图。天津市津南区气象灾害高风险区主要集中分布在人口密度大、工业产业密集及灾害防御能力薄弱的区域,如城区和大片农业种植区;而人口少和经济密度低的区域对各种气象灾害反应不敏感,属于气象灾害低风险区。     

农业气象灾害风险评价模型及应用

本文根据灾害风险分析原理，建立了一个经三层逐级放大的农业气象灾害风险分析实用模型，并以珠江三角洲荔枝生产为例分析计算了主要农业气象灾害以及风险体系的风险度，其结果对农业气象灾害风险管理与决策及灾害防御有一定的参考价值     

气象灾害风险管理系统设计与应用

为满足我国气象灾害风险管理业务体系建立和发展的需求,有效支撑防灾减灾决策服务,设计并建设了气象灾害风险管理系统。该系统包括大数据应用、模型算法、在线分析与产品制作、综合运维等分系统,面向暴雨、台风、干旱、高温、低温等主要气象灾害,覆盖气象灾害风险管理业务的主要环节,实现灾害监测识别、影响评估、风险评估、风险预估和风险区划等功能。系统探索应用时空匹配的大数据融合、Web-GIS、空间数据分布式存储、微服务和多租户等技术。目前,系统可实现实时发布灾情监测、灾害事件识别、影响评估、风险评估、风险预估、风险区划等多类业务产品。在国家级气象业务部门的应用显示,该系统具有良好的业务能力与发展前景,有助于推进客观化、定量化、精细化气象灾害风险管理业务发展,提升防灾减灾决策服务能力。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Addressing the necessity of the registration of the effects of causal mechanics in the example of a simple barotropic model of the atmosphere

Summary Considering the effects of causal mechanics on geophysical problems enables us to explain a number of phenomena, which cannot be explained from conventional positions. This paper shows that the introduction of the force of causality in a simple barotropic hydrodynamic model of weather forecasts results in the outcomes, which, on the one hand, can not be described from the positions of classical hydro-thermodynamics, whilst on the other hand, exist in nature.     

Modeling the evolution of the family of Mediterranean cyclones using the regional model of the atmosphere

Due to the complex orography and the presence of the moisture-saturated air, the Mediterranean region is characterized by the increased baroclinic and convective instability, that leads to the sudden cyclogenesis and the formation of dangerous weather phenomena. The results are given of the investigation of formation mechanisms of Mediterranean cyclones, peculiarities of stages of their evolution and dynamical processes, which occur throughout the atmosphere, using the regional numerical ETA model of the atmosphere by the example of individual cases of the cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean Sea. It is revealed that the cold Arctic air outbreak (the intrusion of the cold Arctic air) to the south of the Western Europe, leading to the formation of the areas of the baroclinic instability and the increased moisture content of the air in the area of the vortex origin, favors the cyclogenesis. The use of the vertical coordinate η in the model enabled to compute more precisely the vertical wind speed, therefore, the influence of the orography on the moisture content and precipitation increase became pronounced. The transformation of the structure of meteorological fields in the course of the development of vortexes is considered. The computation of the helicity is made, and it is shown that this characteristic can be one of the earliest predictors of cyclogenesis.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the determination of the height of the Ekman boundary layer

The heighth of the Ekman turbulent boundary layer determined by the momentum flux profile is estimated with the aid of considerations of similarity and an analysis of the dynamic equations. Asymptotic formulae have been obtained showing that, with increasing instability,h increases as ¦¦^1/2 (where is the non-dimensional stratification parameter); with increasing stability, on the other hand,h decreases as ^–1/2. For comparison, a simple estimate of the boundary-layer heighth _u determined by the velocity profile is given. As is shown, in unstable stratification,h _u behaves asymptotically as ¦¦^–1, i.e., in a manner entirely different from that ofh .     

接地降阻剂的PH值的探讨

1引言我国执行接地降阻剂测试的技术标准是全国电力系统起草的:“接地降阻剂暂行技术条件修改稿”。在技术要求中要求接地降阻剂的酸碱值应在7￣12范围内。在实际使用中发现该技术要求对接地降阻剂的酸碱值要求范围并不合理,需要分析和讨论。2接地降阻剂的PH值接地降阻剂的酸碱性对地网的使用寿命至关重要,为了不让接地降阻剂腐蚀接地体或者减弱接地降阻剂对接地体的腐蚀,在接地降阻剂测试的技术要求中,对接地降阻剂的酸碱度有一定的限制。国内各厂家用于生产接地降阻剂的偏弱酸的盐类进行了对镀锌钢材腐蚀的试验,结果是这些镀锌钢材均受到…     

2003年黑龙江省主要灾害性天气及其对作物生长发育和粮食产量的影响

利用40年气温、降水资料和历史上千旱、低温严重的年份与2003年进行对比分析．评估黑龙江省2003年发生的严重灾害的分布范同，灾害程度，及其对主要粮食作物生长发育和产量的影响。得出2003年的灾害是30年未遇的全省性严重灾害年，各种灾害对各种作物都产生了不同程度的影响，受害最重的作物是小麦。     

阴山山脉对内蒙古中部地区气象要素影响初探

文章选用阴山山脉山北乌拉特后旗、白云、达茂旗、苏尼特左旗、化德,山南杭后旗、包头、呼和浩特、察右前旗、兴和1971—2000年气温、降水量、天气现象等资料进行对比分析,得到阴山山脉对内蒙古自治区中部地区气象要素影响初步结论。     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002