土壤有效水分与气象条件的关系

在自然条件下,土壤水分主要受环境条件制约。为探索作物耕作层(0—30cm土层)内土壤有效水分含量的变化与气象条件的关系,对土壤有效含水量与气温、降水量、日照以及空气湿度等的关系进行初步分析。 1.土壤有效含水量与气温及降水的关系 自然条件下降水是土壤水分的最主要的来源,     

土壤干旱对作物生长过程和产量影响的研究进展

水分短缺是作物生长中最大的限制因子,土壤干旱胁迫使植物的长势、生理机制、激素水平等都会发生一系列变化。在干旱半干旱地区,土壤水分亏缺能明显抑制作物根系和地上部生长,显著降低作物的生物量、产量和收获指数。禾谷类作物小麦（Triticum aestivum）在灌浆期遇到水分胁迫时,会引起光合速率降低、灌浆时间缩短、灌浆速率下降、植株老化提前,但是它能增加营养组织到籽粒中非结构性碳水化合物的再代谢。土壤水分和植物激素共同调控作物的灌浆过程,当遇到土壤干旱时,作物叶片、花、籽粒发育过程中植物生长调节剂ABA浓度明显增加,且ABA、乙烯、ACC等的浓度随着干旱程度而变化。植物对干旱的适应性主要表现在植物生理、形态上的改变,比如植株结构、干物质积累、植物组织渗透势、气孔导度等的变化。土壤干旱不利于植物生长,但有利于胁迫临界点的产生,这就有可能利用土壤干旱条件下在灌浆较慢时诱导整个植株衰老和更好地进行碳代谢来提高籽粒产量,如果在作物灌浆后期适度控制土壤干旱可以增加籽粒产量和收获指数,有助于农业生产中的节水,这对于发展可持续农业是迫切需要的。     

对土壤水分指标的研究

在研究土壤水分时,人们经常使用土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、凋萎系数、土壤有效水最大存贮量等来表征土壤水分性状。土壤有效水固然是植物根系能吸收的水分,但是当植物蒸腾强烈时,植物对接近凋萎系数的土壤水的吸收速率,远远不能满足叶片蒸腾的需要,植物仍然受到干旱的威胁,因此有必要寻找能表征与作物生长联系得更密切的土壤水分指标。农田实际蒸散量与最大蒸散量之比能反映作物需水与土壤供水的关系,作物层温度与气温差则反映了植物蒸腾强度的变化。晴天白昼,蒸腾是维持叶温较低的重要原因。土壤供水不足,蒸腾速率     

不同土壤水分控制对东北地区玉米农田土壤呼吸的影响

基于锦州地区土壤水分控制试验,研究不同土壤水分条件(土壤相对湿度分别为86%、96%和105%)对东北地区玉米农田土壤呼吸的影响,分析不同土壤水分条件下玉米农田土壤温度对土壤呼吸速率的影响。结果表明:2013年锦州地区玉米农田不同土壤水分控制影响土壤呼吸速率的大小,同时间不同土壤水分控制条件下玉米农田的土壤呼吸速率均随土壤相对湿度的增加而降低(土壤相对湿度86%土壤相对湿度96%土壤相对湿度105%)。锦州地区玉米农田土壤呼吸的日动态和季节动态变化趋势均不受土壤水分的影响,均呈单峰型,其中土壤呼吸速率日最大值出现在11—14时,土壤呼吸速率季最大值出现在8月。不同土壤水分控制影响玉米农田土壤呼吸对土壤温度的敏感性,土壤呼吸的日动态变化与10 cm土壤温度的日动态变化存在时间滞后性,8月和9月土壤温度最大值较土壤呼吸最大值滞后5—6 h。不同土壤水分条件下玉米农田土壤呼吸速率与10 cm、15 cm、30 cm和45 cm土壤温度均呈显著或极显著的正相关关系,其中土壤呼吸速率与45 cm土壤温度相关性最高。2013年锦州地区不同土壤相对湿度条件下(86%、96%和105%),玉米农田的土壤呼吸速率与45 cm土壤温度均呈指数函数关系,土壤相对湿度为86%、96%和105%时的土壤温度敏感性指数Q_(10)分别为1.92、2.20、1.72。     

基于遥感的土壤电阻率估算研究

以我国长江中下游的南京及其周边15个市(县)为例,采用野外测定、室内分析与遥感反演相结合的方法,开展了土壤电阻率估算研究.选用影响土壤电阻率的土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤可溶盐总量与土壤阳离子交换量等4个主要因子,遥感反演土壤水分和温度空间分布,以获取估算土壤电阻率所需要的主要参数;采用偏最小二乘二次多项式(PLSQM)模型对不同地表覆盖类型下的土壤电阻率进行估算,PLSQM估算模型的估算值与实测值的相关系数达到0.85,平均相对误差(MRE)为19.02%,均方根误差(RMSE)为7.79.结果表明,草地、农田、林地3种不同地表覆盖类型下土壤电阻率有明显差异,PLSQM模型实现了较高估算精度,具有较好的应用潜力.     

FDR土壤水分传感器原状土壤标定方法研究

为获得测站准确的土壤水分传感器标定参数,利用自动土壤水分站点的大型原状土壤为样本,在实验室同时进行人工称重观测和仪器自动对比观测,得到一系列的人工自动测量数据,以人工称重数据为准对自动土壤水分传感器进行订正。由于采用原状土壤,样本土壤的质地、密度、土壤颗粒和结合紧密度基本没有受到破坏,订正后的自动土壤体积含水量值能更加真实反映台站实际土壤墒情,能够修订人工对比观测期间由于样本空间不足导致的不合理的田间标定方程。     

松原市土壤墒情监测及干旱预报模型方法研究

基于自动土壤水分观测站数据建立本地土壤水分变化模型,通过人工取土烘干法观测的实际土壤湿度数值对自动土壤水分观测站数据进行修正和校订,再由修正过的自动土壤水分观测站数据作为当日的初始湿度,通过天气预报中无降水日数或降水日期及雨量大小做出未来一段时间内的失墒或增墒的模型,再通过不同的气象条件对增、失墒进行相关订正,做出相应的土壤墒情的预报,最后根据土壤墒情预报结果对照本地的土壤干旱量级指标,从而随时做出快速准确的本地旱情预报,为各级领导组织指挥农业生产、开展人影作业、指导农民进行田间管理等活动提供及时可靠的决策依据。本文通过此模型对2012年松原地区夏季干旱情况进行预报,再通过实际土壤墒情实况进行对比,预报结果基本正确。由于人工测值有一定随机性,所以人工观测值与自动站观测数据的对比只能做为参考而不可能完全吻合。但从长期数据应用情况来看,基于土壤自动水分观测站的土壤墒情监测及干旱预报模型方便稳定,反应水分变化趋势更有连续性。     

黑龙江省玉米田土壤旱涝预报

玉米旱涝预报模型考虑了土壤-大气-植物之间的水分交换关系,基于土壤水分平衡原理,以旬为预报时段,以黑龙江省34个测墒站点每旬玉米田土壤相对湿度代表所在县的平均玉米田土壤相对湿度,利用上一旬末土壤相对湿度和下一旬降水预测值来预报下一旬末的土壤相对湿度。根据土壤旱涝指标来确定土壤旱涝等级。用2007年3月上旬至11月上旬实测玉米田土壤湿度对其检验。结果表明:黑龙江省春季和秋季预报比较准确,绝对误差在5%以下;夏季预报误差比春秋季节略高,绝对误差在6%以下,有些县市绝对误差甚至达到0。根据确定的土壤旱涝等级检验土壤旱涝预报准确率表明,准确率较高,效果较好。     

土壤有机质高光谱估算研究进展

土壤有机质是土壤的重要组成部分,对许多土壤属性有重要影响.利用光谱技术进行土壤有机质的快速测定是实现精细农业的基础.近几十年中,高光谱技术的发展为土壤研究提供了新的手段.受土壤有机质质量分数、组成以及土壤水分、土壤质地的影响,室内光谱的估算结果总体较好;受大气、地表植被等影响,航空或卫星的成像光谱估算精度较低.星载成像技术的进步将在一定程度上提高土壤有机质的估算精度,为快速、大范围土壤有机质质量分数的遥感制图提供技术支持.     

绿洲周边荒漠戈壁夏末土壤-大气水分传输特征

利用“我国西北干旱区陆-气相互作用试验”2000年8-9月在甘肃敦煌地区戈壁滩上取得的野外观测资料,分析了临近绿洲的戈壁土壤湿度和温度特征以及相对应的大气湿度特征,发现土壤热量活动层约为5cm厚,比一般土壤要薄得多;临近绿洲的荒漠戈壁上,不仅近地层大气多为逆湿,而且浅层土壤有时也出现逆湿。土壤湿度日变化能清楚地被区分为湿维持、水分损失、干维持和水分补充等四个阶段。土壤湿度廓线表明：土壤水分活动层厚度约为10m;湿维持阶段的浅层土壤逆湿是土壤湿度廓线最主要的结构特征,这一土壤湿度结构预示着夜间土壤可能通过凝结吸收大气水分,它与白天的土壤水分蒸发共同构成土壤对大气水分的“呼吸”过程。土壤逆湿的形成与土壤温度状态、大气逆湿强度和大气稳定度都有关。     

Net radiation — soil heat flux relations as influenced by soil water content variations

Net radiation, soil heat flux, incoming and reflected solar radiation, and soil water content were measured during several clear day periods following approximate 10-cm applications of water to loam soils at Phoenix, Arizona, and at Sidney, Montana. The regression of soil heat flux on net radiation changed significantly as the soil dried, with the difference between them being a linear function of the volumetric soil water content of the uppermost 2 to 4 cm of soil. The net radiation-soil heat flux difference for soil in an air-dry state was only about one-half of what it was on the day after irrigation. Techniques discussed allow evaluation of what the net radiation-soil heat flux difference would be under conditions of no surface saturation deficit at any time of year from measurements of net solar radiation, soil water content, and air temperature, thereby improving the utility of many evaporation models. The data also indicate that water content measurements may be replaced by more easily measured soil albedo.     

Estimates of surface soil water content using linear combinations of spectral wavebands

Summary Surface reflectance factors from bare field soil were measured to determine the relationship between surface soil water content and spectral reflectance. Reflectance in the six reflective Thematic Mapper (TM) bands plus a 1.15 to 1.30 µm bandpass (referred to as MMR 5) was measured using a groundbased radiometer across a soil water gradient provided by a line source sprinkler system. A spectral index of soil brightness (Brightness) derived using the Gram-Schmidt process and utilizing reflectance information was calculated for each band and for combinations of bands. The results of this study show that TM band 7 (2.05–2.30 µm) provided improved estimates of surface soil water content (0–0.5 cm depth) over estimates using reflectance information from all seven bands. Good correlations were also found between band ratio spectral indices of TM 5 (1.55–1.75 µm) / TM 7, MMR 5/TM 7, and MMR 5/TM 5 and surface soil water content. Results indicate that surface reflectance factors within bandpasses that partially overlap water absorption regions, such as TM 7, are most highly correlated with surface soil moisture. Band ratios utilizing a bandpass partially overlapping a water absorption region such as TM 7 and a non-water-absorbing bandpass such as MMR 5 yield close correlations with surface soil water content.Contribution from the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Tucson, AZ 85721. Journal Paper No. 7040.With 6 Figures     

Variation of surface albedo and soil thermal parameters with soil moisture content at a semi-desert site on the western Tibetan Plateau

Almost three years of continuous measurements taken between January 2001 and May 2003 at the Gaize (or Gerze) automatic weather station (32.30 °N, 84.06 °E, 4420 m), a cold semi-desert site on the western Tibetan Plateau, have been used to study seasonal and annual variations of surface albedo and soil thermal parameters, such as thermal conductivity, thermal capacity and thermal diffusivity, and their relationship to soil moisture content. Most of these parameters undergo dramatic seasonal and annual variations. Surface albedo decreases with increasing soil moisture content, showing the typical exponential relation between surface albedo and soil moisture. Soil thermal conductivity increases as a power function of soil moisture content. The diffusivity first increases with increasing soil moisture, reaching its maximum at about 0.25 (volume per volume), then slowly decreases. Soil thermal capacity is rather stable for a wide range of soil moisture content.     

江西省土壤体积含水量对降水的响应特征

利用2017—2020年江西省36站壤土质地土壤水分观测站土壤体积含水量资料和降水资料,研究了江西省土壤体积含水量对降水过程的响应特征.结果表明:1)土壤体积含水量对不同类型降水过程的响应差异大,对于小于10 mm的降水过程几乎无响应,对10—25 mm的降水过程响应深度为0—10 cm,对25—50 mm的降水过程响应深度为0—20 cm,对大于50 mm的降水过程响应深度为0—60 cm.2)土壤体积含水量对降水的响应分为快速增长和平稳减弱两个阶段,在快速增长阶段土壤体积含水量先快速增长到最大值,然后缓慢下降,且增长阶段的持续时间小于减弱阶段的持续时间,增长过程和减弱过程不对称.3)响应过程的持续时间主要集中在1—9 h,其中3—6 h占比高达49％.     

Spin-up behavior of soil moisture content over East Asia in a land surface model

This study presents an investigation of the spin-up behavior of soil moisture content (SMC) and evapotranspiration (ET) in an offline Noah land surface model (LSM) for East Asia, focusing on its interplay with the Asian monsoon. The set of 5-year recursive runs is conducted to properly assess the spin-up behavior of land surface processes and consists of simulations initialized with (1) a spatially uniform soil moisture, (2) NCEP GDAS soil moisture data, and (3) ECMWF ERA-Interim soil moisture data. Each run starts either after or before the summer monsoon. Initial SMCs from GDAS and ERA-Interim data significantly deviate from the equilibrium state (spin-up state) with the given input forcing even though the same equilibrium is reached within 3-year spin-up time, indicating that spin-up of land surface process is necessary. SMC reaches the equilibrium much quickly when (1) the consistent LSMs have been used in the prediction and analysis systems and (2) the spin-up simulation starts before the onset of heavy rainfall events during summer monsoon. For an area with heavy monsoon rainfall, the total column SMC and ET spin up quickly. The spin-up time over dry land is about 2–3?years, but for monsoon rainfall area decreases dramatically to about 3?months if the spin-up run starts just before the onset of monsoon. Further scrutiny shows that the spin-up time is well correlated with evaporative fraction given by the ratio between the latent heat flux and the available energy at the land surface.     

Manipulating snow cover in an alpine bog: effects on ecosystem respiration and nutrient content in soil and microbes

Snow amount is expected to decline in the Northern hemisphere as an effect of climate warming. However, snow amount in alpine regions will probably undergo stronger interannual fluctuations than elsewhere. We set up a short-term (1?year) experiment in which we manipulated snow cover in an alpine bog, with the following protocol: snow removal at the end of winter; snow removal in spring; snow addition in spring; removal of all aboveground plant tissues with no snow manipulation; no manipulation at all. We measured, at different dates from late spring to early autumn: ecosystem respiration (ER), and concentrations of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the soil and in microbes. We hypothesized that longer duration of snow cover will lead to: i) higher ER rates associated with increased microbial biomass; and ii) decreased soil nutrient availability. Contrary to our first hypothesis, ER and microbial C content were unaffected by the snow cover manipulations, probably because ER was decoupled from microbial biomass especially in summer, when CO₂ efflux was dominated by autotrophic respiration. Our second hypothesis also was partially contradicted because nutrient content in the soil and in plants did not vary in relation to snow cover. However, we observed unexpected effects of snow cover manipulations on the N : P ratio in the microbial biomass, which declined after increasing snow cover. This probably depended on stimulation of microbial activity, which enhanced absorption of P, rather than N, by microbes. This may eventually reduce P availability for plant uptake.     

内容分类与元数据在内容管理系统中的应用

内容分类是企业信息管理的纲要性架构。元数据是信息整合中共同遵守的约定。本文介绍了四川农经网在网站集群建设中应用内容管理和元数据的一些应用实例,并提出了在网络信息资源组织中的观点。     

内容分类与元数据在内容管理系统中的应用

内容分类是企业信息管理的纲要性架构.元数据是信息整合中共同遵守的约定.本文介绍了四川农经网在网站集群建设中应用内容管理和元数据的一些应用实例,并提出了在网络信息资源组织中的观点.     

Retrieving soil water contents from soil temperature measurements by using linear regression

A simple linear regression method is developed to retrieve daily averaged soil water content from diurnal variations of soil temperature measured at three or more depths. The method is applied to Oklahoma Mesonet soil temperature data collected at the depths of 5, 10, and 30 cm during 11-20 June 1995. The retrieved bulk soil water contents are compared with direct measurements for one pair of nearly collocated Mesonet and ARM stations and also compared with the retrievals of a previous method at 14 enhanced Oklahoma Mesonet stations. The results show that the current method gives more persistent retrievals than the previous method. The method is also applied to Oklahoma Mesonet soil temperature data collected at the depths of 5, 25, 60, and 75 cm from the Norman site during 20-30 July 1998 and 1-31 July 2000. The retrieved soil water contents are verified by collocated soil water content measurements with rms differences smaller than the soil water observation error (0.05m~3 m~(-3)). The retrievals are