基于多源探测资料的“4.12”非典型冰雹特征分析

针对2020年4月12日发生在江苏苏州的一次大范围雷暴大风、局部伴有冰雹的强对流天气过程,基于常州S波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达、湖州和青浦的单偏振雷达以及再分析资料,详细分析了此次过程的天气背景,不稳定机制、抬升条件和雷达回波及双偏振雷达参量演变特征,并结合双雷达风场反演技术分析超级单体的动力结构及云物理机制。结果表明此次过程发生在高空冷涡南掉、横槽南摆,上下层强烈不稳定的环流背景下,地面有辐合线提供了触发条件。苏南地面附近至600 hPa为θ_se随高度减小的对流不稳定层和0~6 km强烈的垂直风向切变分别为此次过程提供强热力和动力不稳定条件。此次降雹天气过程,雷达回波强度超过50 dBZ,有明显的三体散射、气旋式辐合、高层回波悬垂和强风暴顶辐散等特征;但是VIL和ET都很小,呈现非典型冰雹特征。双线偏振雷达各偏振参量(差分反射率Z_DR、差分相移率K_DP和相关系数CC)也都反映出冰雹云的典型特征:在Z_H大、Z_DR小、CC小的区域出现冰雹,Z_DR值通常为-1.0~0.2 dB,CC值普遍小于0.85。上述双偏振参量特征在强对流短时临近预报和冰雹识别方面具有很强的应用潜力。利用双雷达风场反演技术对降雹时段研究,发现1~5 km各层高度的风垂直切变、辐合的存在,有利于超级单体的发展和加强。双雷达能较好地反演雷暴大风的三维风场精细结构,有助于加深对冰雹云结构的认识进而提高冰雹等强对流天气的预报预警能力。      

2018年3月4日强对流过程多源资料分析

本文针对2018年3月4日苏州地区冬末春初的一次强对流天气过程,运用S波段多普勒雷达、C波段双偏振雷达、闪电定位仪和雨滴谱仪等资料对强对流天气中尺度特征进行分析,发现综合分析各种新型探测资料对于分类强对流监测预警有一定作用。分析表明:(1)冬末春初强对流发生的各种阈值与汛期强对流形成的阈值明显不同,虽然不稳定能量没有春夏高,但在动力条件下触发低层冷空气强烈抬升暖湿气流,继而引发局地冰雹、下击暴流和短时强降水的发生。(2)双偏振雷达可以有效识别强冰雹;下击暴流发生时反射率因子质心和VIL快速下降,低层风场为辐散及中层有径向辐合特征存在。(3)昆山短时强降水发生时雨滴数密度有突然增大特征。     

新疆天山北坡中部一次冰雹天气成因分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、自动站资料和石河子CINRAD／CC多普勒天气雷达观测资料,对2010年7月11日发生在新疆天山北坡中部的一次强对流天气进行了综合分析。结果表明：这次冰雹天气发生在巴尔喀什湖低涡的环流背景形势下,较好的水汽条件、对流不稳定条件、0oC层和-20℃层的适宜高度以及较强的垂直风切变促使冰雹等强对流天气过程发生发展,同时山区和平原交界处的地形和热力不稳定作用对对流风暴的触发和发展成为冰雹云有着重要的作用。通过对多普勒雷达PUP产品的分析得出：这次强对流天气在组合反射率因子（CR）图出现了中心强度为63dBZ强对流单体和大面积〉50dBZ的强回波区;在反射率因子剖面（RCS）上表现为60dBZ强回波区的高度已达到5km,50dBZ强回波区的高度达到7．3km,整个回波顶高度达到12km的强回波墙,十分有利于冰雹的形成;在冰雹发生前期,平均径向速度图上出现了中气旋,促使对流风暴单体加强和维持;在冰雹形成区有低层辐合、高层辐散等特征;垂直累积液态含水量的跃增及其密度〉3．5g／m3十分利于冰雹的产生。     

三门峡市2006年两次下击暴流天气过程诊断分析

2006年5月26日和6月25日三门峡辖区均出现了以地面大风、冰雹为主的灾害性天气.利用常规观测资料和非常规加密探测资料以及雷达、卫星云图资料对这两次灾害性天气过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:这两次灾害性天气均是由500 hPa华北冷涡后部的下滑槽或横槽转竖带动北方冷空气急剧南下造成的下击暴流引发的强对流天气.当雷达回波顶高超过10 km、强度≥50 dBz并出现回波悬垂结构的超级对流单体或多单体超级对流风暴移来时,易产生强对流天气;强回波质心在移动过程中不断下降或回波悬垂结构、低层弱回波区出现在风暴后部时,是下击暴流发生的前兆;冰雹指数、风暴跟踪信息、中气旋3个产品叠加对强对流风暴发生、发展、移向的预报具有较好的参考作用.     

双偏振雷达在江苏“7.6”降雹过程中的应用分析

针对2019年7月6日发生在江苏徐州、宿迁、淮安、南京以及常州一线的一次大范围冰雹天气过程,利用再分析资料分析天气背景、不稳定机制和抬升条件。通过徐州和南京S波段双偏振雷达偏振参量及宿迁和淮安的双多普勒天气雷达风场反演技术对冰雹云的热动力结构和微物理特征开展了详细的分析。结果表明:此次大范围冰雹天气发生在高空冷涡南落、横槽南摆,低层暖湿气流北抬,上下层强烈不稳定的环流背景下,地面低压缓慢东移南压,提供了辐合抬升条件。此次降雹天气过程中,雷达回波图上显示有典型的冰雹云特征——三体散射长钉、回波穹隆结构、强度超过50 dBZ,中层径向辐合,风暴顶辐散等特征。双偏振雷达各偏振参量也表现出冰雹云的特点,出现冰雹的地区展现水平反射率因子ZH大、差分反射率因子ZDR小、相关系数CC小的特征,ZDR值为-1.0～0.5 dB,CC值小于0.85;超级单体在近地层还出现表征入流区的CC谷、ZDR柱、差分相移率KDP柱等特征。ZDR柱、KDP柱和CC谷等双偏振参量特征在强对流短时临近预报和冰雹识别方面具有很强的应用潜力。双雷达风场反演表明此次过程降雹集中时段,冰雹云的穹隆空间结构,降雹时刻存在的明显下沉气流。     

双偏振雷达产品在福建强对流天气过程中的应用分析

利用高空地面资料和厦门双偏振雷达资料对2016年12月21—22日福建东南部沿海出现的一次冰雹、短时强降水强对流天气过程进行分析。结果表明,21日午后的冰雹天气是在暖区内西南气流暖湿强迫背景下产生的,21日夜里的强降水天气则是斜压锋生类强对流天气。利用双偏振雷达产品可分析出冰雹的相态演变:明显的冰雹特征(Z_(DR)≤0、回波强度≥55 dBz)首先出现在0℃层附近,后向上向下发展,高层出现三体散射现象,但由于干湿球0℃层高度相当,融化层厚度厚,午后地面温度超过20℃,冰雹在下降过程中Z_(DR)、K_(DP)由负值转正值,表明冰雹逐渐融化成大雨滴或外包水膜的冰雹;三体散射回波强度15～20 dBz区域,对应的Z_(DR)出现由负极值到正极值的突变区,CC0. 7,呈现非气象回波的特征。短时强降水对应Z_(DR)、K_(DP)随反射率因子的增大而增大,CC0. 97,说明强降雨是由大量粒子较大的雨滴造成的。     

南疆阿克苏冰雹天气的判识指标研究

利用常规气象资料和CINRAD/CC雷达资料对2009~2012年34个冰雹天气个例进行了分析,统计归纳出南疆阿克苏冰雹天气发生前的环境条件和雹云雷达回波判识指标。结果表明:冰雹发生前期,当850 hPa与500 hPa温差≥30℃,地面露点温度≥10.2℃时,预示冰雹天气发生的可能性较大;对流有效位能在冰雹尺寸相对较大(≥10 mm)时指示效果较好,但对小范围局地冰雹的预报具有一定局限性;0~6 km较弱的垂直风切变也能形成冰雹天气;适宜的0℃层和-20℃层高度有利于冰雹的产生。雹云雷达回波具有的特征:组合反射率因子达到50 dBZ以上;径向速度场往往伴有逆风区出现,部分还出现风暴顶辐散特征;45 dBZ强回波核高度≥9 km,垂直剖面出现前悬回波、穹窿等冰雹特征回波;回波顶高6~8月超过12 km,5月和9月超过11 km;垂直积分液态水含量阈值5月为18 kg·m-2,其它月份为30 kg·m-2;冰雹指数产品至少持续5个体扫出现实心大三角标识。     

温州“4·24”一次冰雹天气特征分析

采用NCEP分析资料、常规高空地面观测资料、温州双偏振雷达资料等,分析了2019年4月24日(简称“4·24”)发生在温州地区的一次冰雹天气过程。结果表明:在高空槽东移过程中,弱冷空气影响配合低层切变线和低空急流,造成了此次强对流天气过程的发生;午后对流条件良好,冰雹发生前,低层有高能舌伸向温州地区,中层有北方干冷空气南下,二者叠加造成强烈的不稳定层结,同时低层辐合、高层辐散,上升运动强烈,为冰雹的产生提供了良好的动力条件;中β尺度的强对流单体内部形成-60℃的对流核,冷中心位于整个云团TBB梯度最大的地方,位置与短时强降水、雷雨大风、局地冰雹等强对流天气的发生区域有较好的对应;利用VIL、Z、ZDR和KDP可以综合分析冰雹,其回波特征为:降雹前VIL值均有明显的跃增现象;>60 dBZ的强回波区对应的ZDR有明显的负值区,ZDR一般为-4~0 dB;对于较大的冰雹,>60 dBZ的强回波区对应KDP出现“空洞”区。     

浙东海岛两次强对流天气对比分析

对比分析了2004年发生在舟山的两次相似的强对流天气过程,不同在于一次过程强降水特别突出,一次过程强风特别突出。通过对两次过程反射率因子、径向速度以及一些二次产品的对比分析,找出了一些相同点和不同点。组织结构性好的强回波、速度产品中的大风区、垂直风切变、较高的顶高和大的VIL值等是产生雷雨大风和短时强降水天气的共同特征。回波移速较慢的易产生强降水,回波移速快的易产生强风。强风天气的回波强度、顶高和VIL等产品都有更强的表现。低层水平风的辐合、中气旋、垂直风向切变等可以产生强降水,中高层的中气旋、垂直风切变可以产生下击暴流、冰雹等强对流天气。     

偏振雷达观测强对流雹暴云

根据偏振雷达原理,用C波段双线偏振天气雷达观测得到4例强对流雹暴演变过程的水平反射率ZH(dBZ)和差分反射率ZDR(dB)垂直剖面RHI定量回波资料,分析了这些雹云不同演变阶段的回波参量和偏振特性的关系,说明ZH、ZDR双参量对判别降雹有着明显优势,用雨滴谱的ZH-ZDR分布边界关系对这些雹云回波进行判别降雹分析,给出我国用偏振雷达观测和识别冰雹的研究结果。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on