用卫星资料探讨有云情况下的地面辐射收支

对晴空和有云情况进行了研究，用辐射理论导出了这两种情况下卫星测值和地表太阳总辐射、净辐射的关系，将卫星测值与地面辐射观测站的实测值进行拟合，建立了几种利用卫星测值估算地面太阳总辐射和净辐射的模式，经研究比较选出几种最佳模式。据此利用卫星资料估算晴空和有云情况下的太阳总辐射和净辐射，以弥补我国辐射测站稀少，资料短缺的不足。     

利用卫星资料研究云对地面净辐射的影响

采用2002年1月、2月、7月、8月每日8～16时(北京时间)的GMS-5卫星云图资料以及相同时次的漠河和郑州两个辐射站的地面净辐射资料,通过读取红外1、红外2、水汽和可见光云图上的卫星计数值,并将卫星计数值按照GMS-5定标表转换成亮度温度和反射率,最终形成一套利用卫星资料研究云对地面净辐射影响的数据集。采用统计的方法将地面净辐射与影响地面净辐射的各因子：太阳天顶角、地面及云面反射率等有关因子进行拟合,发现地面净辐射与这些因子之间有很好的相关性,特别在引入卫星红外通道亮温值减水汽通道亮温值这一因子后,在有云状况下,拟合的相关系数有较明显的提高,原因可能是这一因子包含了云分类的信息,这一方法的提出为利用卫星资料研究云对地面净辐射的影响提出了一个新的思路。     

基于MODIS产品估算黄土高原半干旱区的净辐射通量

利用中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的一级数据产品,通过三种不同的方法(两种通过估算各辐射分量来得到净辐射和一种直接通过短波辐射得到净辐射的方法)估算了2007年4-8月兰州大学半干旱气候与环境监测站(SACO/L)的短波辐射、长波辐射和净辐射值,进一步利用2006年6-8月SACOL站实测资料对第三种方法的系数进行修正,并将不同方法估算的净辐射与实测资料进行对比。结果表明,在MODIS一级数据产品基础上,估算的卫星过境时刻短波辐射精度较高,长波辐射稍差;在各辐射分量基础上得到的卫星过境时刻的净辐射较好,平均相对误差最小为9.98%,且通过时间尺度扩展得到的净辐射与实测值较为接近,平均相对误差25.0%;而使用短波辐射直接估算的净辐射较实测值偏大,但相关性较好;在利用实测数据对算法进行修正后得到的SACOL站净辐射较修正前有了较大的改善。值得注意的是,卫星过境时刻各辐射分量的计算不需要任何地面观测资料辅助,计算过程需要的所有参数可以直接由MODIS数据反演,且该方法得到的净辐射精度仅次于修正后的方法,普适性较好,所以,在缺乏地面观测资料的情况下,这种方法可以为大尺度的净辐射估算提供一条有效途径。而通过短波辐射直接估算净辐射的方法,其最大的优势就是避免了长波辐射的估算,可以直接利用短波辐射估算净辐射,对该方法的经验系数局地修正后估算的结果更优,但这种方法需要地面观测资料的辅助,所以在有地面观测资料的情况下,可以通过修正模型的系数获得更高精度的净辐射。     

利用气象卫星资料估算内蒙古地区的地面净辐射值

主要研究的是内蒙古地区有云条件下地面辐射收支与卫星测值之间的关系 ,根据地面实测的净辐射值 ,与相应时刻的 GMS卫星测值 (可见光、红外通道 S— VISSR计数值 )进行逐步回归拟合 ,建立有云条件下内蒙古地区卫星测值与地面净全辐射值之间的关系 ,从而可以利用卫星资料通过所建立的关系式估算有云情况下地面净全辐射的分布。     

由GMS虎夏季青藏高原地区地面总辐射

用辐射理论导得了卫星测值与地面总辐射的关系，据此建立了用卫星资料估算地面总辐射的七种模式，选择效果最佳的一种估算了青藏高原地面总辐射，结果表明，这种方法能弥补高原地区资料不足的缺憾。     

由GMS资料估算夏季青藏高原地区地面总辐射

用辐射理论导得了卫星测值与地面总辐射的关系，据此建立了用卫星资料估算地面总辐射的七种模式，选择效果最佳的一种估算了青藏高原地面总辐射，结果表明，这种方法能弥补高原地区资料不足的缺憾。     

AVHRR卫星资料及其在气象学上的应用

现有的业务气象卫星,具有对地球表面进行频繁观测的能力。这些资料一旦加以校准,并与地球资源卫星、其他科研卫星以及地面观测相结合,就可以估算一些地面特征参数,例如地面反照率、热量平衡、地表温度、沙尘、云盖甚至土壤水份等。从卫星观测资料来估算地表特征参数的物理基础是,卫星观测到的晴空太阳反射辐射主要依赖于地表特征这一事实。然而,在某些波段范围内,大部份反射辐射来自端利散辐和气溶胶散射。因此,用空间探测来估算地表特征参数时,必须进行云和大气效     

黑河实验区地表净辐射区域分布及季节变化

利用卫星遥感信息和地面观测资料，分析研究黑河实验区地表净辐射的区域分布及季节变化特征。结果表明，卫星遥感结合地面观测，首先可以得到较为精确的地表反射率和地表温度分布，进而得到较为合理的地表净辐射的区域分布和季节变化特征。     

青藏高原地区大气顶净辐射与地表净辐射的关系

地表净辐射为地气系统净辐射与大气层净辐射之差。对大气层净辐射作不同的假定，可将地表净辐射与大气顶辐射收支之间的关系表示成不同的形式。本文利用１９８２年８月—１９８３年７月青藏高原地区地面辐射收支观测资料及同期ＮＯＡＡ－７辐射收支资料，用统计方法讨论了大气顶净辐射与地表净辐射之间的相关性，建立了两者之间的回归方程，并在此基础上分析了青藏高原地区月平均地表净辐射的时空分布特征。     

干旱地区地表辐射的计算——个例研究

我们利用在中国西部黑河流域所进行的陆气相互作用实验的预试验期间地面和卫星观测资料，研究了在于旱地区地表辐射收支演算中所遇到的困难。通过理论辐射传输计算和用卫星资料对云的反演可以得到地表辐射。计算结果与地表测量的太阳辐射和红外辐射比较表明在有些情况下会发生较大的误差。误差主要是由于缺乏气溶胶资料．云反演时的不确定性以及地面观测与卫星测量之间的时间差异所引起。在无云情况下，模式计算的太阳辐射通量系统大于测量值，当地面温度大于50℃和由于不稳定边界层造成尘埃古量大时计算误差特别大，误差的原因是计算中没有考虑气溶胶．我们发现在下午当气溶胶单次散射反射率取为9．5．光学厚度近似地取为0．2时计算误差可以减小，计算的地面太阳辐射通量和实测值比较一致，然而在大气中太阳辐射如此强的吸收原因仍不清楚．对地面测量和卫星测量资料都可以用的个例研究结果表明，地表净太阳辐射通量和红外向下辐射通量的平均误差分别为4．3和-4.7W／m^2．相应的均方根误差分别为17．4和22．1W／m^2．较大的误差出现在云量较少时，这可能是反演中误把气溶胶当成了云所造成的．研究结果强调了气溶胶在地表辐射计算中的重要性。同时，由于该地区地表温度的日变化非常大，而地面红外辐射的计算，要求温度测量有较高的时间分辨率，因此在干旱地区地面辐射计算中，从卫星资料反演气溶胶和地面温度应予以最优先考虑．     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on