阶段性干旱对夏玉米生长发育及产量的影响

本试验通过可移动遮雨棚对大田夏玉米不同生长阶段土壤湿度进行定量控制,分析了拔节—抽雄和抽雄—成熟期干旱胁迫对玉米生长发育及产量构成等要素的影响。结果表明,玉米受干旱胁迫后,植株生长发育受到抑制,产量明显降低。拔节—抽雄期干旱对玉米营养生长阶段植株性状的影响较大;抽雄—成熟期干旱对玉米营养生长的影响相对较小,但对产量影响较大,其中穗长、穗粒数、穗总重和穗粒重较对照处理均显著减小,穗粗、秃尖比及百粒重变化不显著。     

华北地区不同底墒对冬小麦生长发育及产量影响的研究

1997年 9月至 1 999年 6月在中国气象局固城农业气象试验基地人工控制农田水分试验场进行了冬小麦不同底墒处理的试验 ,结果表明 :底墒显著影响冬小麦的生长发育和产量 ,对冬小麦总生物量、地上和地下生物量的影响在小麦生长后期比前期明显 ;底墒与植株高度、叶面积系数有良好的二次曲线关系 ;底墒显著影响产量构成因素 ,其与籽粒重有相当好的二次曲线关系 ,并据此确定了冬小麦播种时不同深度土层的最佳底墒 :0～ 1 m为 88% ,0～ 2 m为82 % .     

利用EOS/MODIS数据估算西藏藏北高原地表草地生物量

植被生物量作为一个重要的植被状态参数,其估算不仅对研究陆地生态系统植被生产量、碳循环、营养分配等方面具有重要意义,植被生物量的大小直接影响人类对地表植被的利用特点,而且影响其他的生物物理参量。各种不同空间分辨率、时间分辨率和波谱分辨率遥感数据的出现,使得实时监测大范围的植被生长成为可能。文中根据2004年8月至9月草地植被地面观测资料结合同期的EOS/MODIS卫星遥感数据建立了西藏藏北高原草地植被地上生物量、绿色干物质获得量与EOS/MODIS归一化植被指数(NDVI)、增强植被指数(EVI)之间的关系,并与影响草地植被空间分布的主要气候和高程要素之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明:在藏北高原NDVI较EVI能有效地估算草地地上生物量和绿色干物质获得量;藏北高原草地地上生物量与绿色干物质获得量的空间分布特征是从东南部到西北部逐渐减少,东南部部分地区每平方公顷的草地地上生物量在2000 kg以上,到西北部地区减少到200 kg以下。影响草地地上生物量空间分布的主要气候要素是降水,两者的相关系数为0.64,其次为温度,相关系数为0.44;草地植被地上生物量的空间分布与高程呈反比,即海拔越高的地段生物量越低。     

敦煌气候条件及对棉花产量因素的影响

甘肃敦煌地区气候条件虽然适宜棉花生长,但热量条件处于棉花正常生长适宜指标的下线,对棉花的产量和质量具有较大影响。利用敦煌市国家基准气象观测站1983~2012年农业气象观测资料,统计分析了敦煌棉花全生育期气象条件对棉花的株铃数、单铃重及僵烂铃率、蕾铃脱落率及产量的影响。结果表明：棉花花蕾期气温、花后热量和花期气温、裂铃吐絮阶段灌水量是造成棉花僵烂铃和蕾铃脱落的主要原因。花铃期的平均气温越高,热量越充足,越有利于棉铃数的增加;7月上旬至8月中旬夜温不足降低了棉株矿物质和贮存物的积累速率,导致花蕾及胚珠发育不良,单铃胚珠数减少;盛夏7月中旬高温造成棉铃代谢紊乱,导致单铃不孕,造成株铃数不足和单铃重下降,进而影响棉花产量。     

Evaluation of the individual allocation scheme and its impacts in a dynamic global vegetation model

植物的生长策略不仅影响生态系统结构,而且对全球碳、水循环也起着至关重要的作用。本文以中国科学院大气物理研究所研发的第一代全球植被动力学模式IAP-DGVM1.0为平台,考察森林生态系统中树的个体生长方案及其影响。结果表明,与观测相比,模式高估了个体茎生物量,低估了个体叶生物量,从而进一步高估了中国森林生态系统的总生物量和成熟林受干扰后恢复的时间尺度,低估了生态系统净初级生产力和叶面积指数。     

对流层臭氧影响植被研究进展:观测、参数化方案及应用

对流层臭氧(O_3)作为最重要的大气污染物之一,对植物的形态特征和生理生化指标有着重要影响;并通过作用于陆面植被间接改变全球和区域的碳循环以及气候和环境。本文系统地回顾了对流层臭氧影响陆面植被的观测事实,主要包括其对光合作用、气孔导度、叶面积、生物量、产量等方面的影响;归纳和分析了常用的O_3暴露指数(ozone exposure index)和O_3影响植被的参数化方案的优缺点;并介绍这些参数化方案应用于生态模式和地球系统模式,模拟O_3通过作用于陆面植被对碳、水、能量通量和状态的影响。最后探讨了O_3影响植被在观测、参数化方案及其模拟应用方面亟需解决的问题以及未来发展方向。     

充分利用光热资源搞好棉花栽培管理

棉花栽培管理,应采用综合性科学技术措施,在水肥条件具备下,自然界光、热资源在棉花产量形成中起主导作用,提高光热资源利用率,对棉花优质、高产、稳产意义重大,所以,把提高光、热利用率作为棉花栽培管理目标。棉花栽培管理可用两个优势保一个优势的方法,就是用棉株生物学优势与光、热资源优势时段匹配同步,保证棉花产量优势。在作务上,扬长避短,发挥光、热气象因素在棉花生产中的作用,通过人工调控,促进棉株营养生长和生殖生长,减少养分消耗,     

玉米分期播种试验总结：温度对玉米生长的影响

为了揭示气温变化对玉米生长发育和产量的影响,在榆树市开展玉米分期播种试验。试验设早中晚3个品种、3个播期和3个重复,进行玉米生长发育进度、产量和温度、降水观测,分析温度条件对玉米生长发和产量的影响。结果表明,玉米的生育速度与温度条件有密切关系,气温越高,出苗速度越快,平均气温每升高1℃,出苗速度提升17％左右,营养生长速度提升5％左右。较早播种的处理由于积温多、有效生育期长,产量比较高。积温每增加100℃·d,单位面积产量增加8％左℃右。     

植被覆盖对暴雨型滑坡影响的初步分析

根据遥感资料、地形数据和历史观测资料等,以江西省为例,分析了森林植被覆盖率、森林生物量和暴雨型滑坡的空间分布,以及森林植被类型对大气降水的截留作用。分析结果初步揭示了植被覆盖对滑坡的影响,认为植被覆盖程度高、生物量多和植被覆盖差、生物量低的中低山区,都可能发生滑坡灾害。不同林冠对降水的截留作用,减缓了降水对斜坡的冲刷,但当降水强度达到或超过暴雨强度时,森林对降水的截留率减小。同等地质环境条件下,植被覆盖率低,滑坡较易发生,但当降水强度较大时,特别是达到诱发滑坡灾害发生的临界值时,植被对滑坡体的重力作用则更加重了滑坡的发生。植被覆盖对滑坡的影响主要取决于降水强度。高森林覆盖区发生滑坡的雨量临界值大于森林覆盖率差的区域。     

棉花覆盖度特征及与其他生长参数关系分析

利用安装在新疆乌兰乌苏农业气象试验站的作物生长自动监测系统2011—2012年拍摄的棉花生育期图像,采用现代图像处理技术进行阈值分割,自动获取棉花作物覆盖度(Ccp)数据,经对自动监测系统获取的Ccp值与棉花人工观测的叶面积指数(LAI)、植株高度之间关系进行分析,建立棉花Ccp与LAI、植株高度之间的关系模型。使用建立的关系模型,由自动监测系统获取的Ccp数据,反演2012年棉花的LAI和植株高度,并与人工观测结果进行对比。结果表明:应用棉花Ccp数据反演的LAI与人工实测结果具有较高的相关性和反演精度,说明通过自动观测棉花Ccp的方式进行LAI反演的方法是可行的;Ccp与株高的关系模型虽相关性高,但反演的株高精度较低,仍需进一步探索。     

不同地表温度的热扩散对风沙流的影响

作者建立了描述在来流水平风场和由于地表热扩散产生的垂向风场联合作用下的风沙流发展过程的基本方程。通过定量分析表明,地表温度引起的热扩散对风沙流发展过程的影响十分明显。在此基础上,给出地表热扩散对风沙流中输沙率以及风沙流达到充分发展的时间等的影响规律。     

策勒沙漠-绿洲输沙及动力环境特征

利用2012年4月9日—5月9日策勒沙漠和绿洲内部测点的输沙及气象资料,分析了沙漠与绿洲内部沙尘传输的差异性,并从风动力环境上揭示了成因。结果表明:(1)观测期间,通过沙漠测点100 cm(宽)×200 cm(高)断面的沙尘总量为117.5 kg,通过绿洲内部棉田相同断面的沙尘总量为15.1 kg,比沙漠测点减少了87.1%;(2)过渡带和防护林带对风速的消减作用明显,观测期间,沙漠测点起沙风的持续时间为97.4 h,棉田测点仅为18.9 h;(3)观测期间,沙漠测点的总输沙势为114.2 VU,合成输沙势为72.8 VU,合成输沙方向为65.5°;棉田测点的总输沙势为16.1 VU,合成输沙势为15.1 VU,合成输沙方向为104.5°。荒漠过渡带和绿洲防护林通过降低绿洲内部的风速,改变动力环境,削弱沙尘在绿洲区的传输。     

Characteristics of Meteorological Factors over Different Landscape Types During Dust Storm Events in Cele, Xinjiang, China

Landscape characteristics influence meteorological factors, thus affect the occurrence and nature of dust storm events. The present study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics of six meteorological factors (wind velocity, wind direction, air temperature, relative humidity (RH), photo synthetically active radiation (PAR), and solar radiation) over different landscape types (shifting-sand frontier, semi-fixed sandy land, fixed sandy land, and the inner region of an oasis) before and after dust storms during four typical dust storm events in an oasis-desert ecotone in Cele, Xinjiang, China. The results show that the average wind velocity decreased significantly from the shifting-sand frontier to the inner oasis, which was mainly attributable to the vegetation coverage. Before the dust storm events, there were obvious differences in air temperature and RH either in the horizontal or vertical direction over the different landscape types. However, these factors were very similar during and following the dust storm events. PAR and solar radiation were significantly reduced during the dust storm events and the subsequent sand-blowing and floating-dust conditions. This effect was much stronger than during similar weather conditions without dust storm events such as sand-blowing and overcast and/or rainy days. Additionally, the variation in the meteorological factors among the different landscapes was also affected by the prevailing wind direction during the dust storm events. However, the landscape type slightly changed the prevailing wind direction, with the greatest dispersion distribution of wind direction in the inner oasis. The findings of this study are helpful for understanding the function of landscape types in the occurrence of dust storms, as well as for providing a theoretical basis for prevention of dust storms.     

Characteristics of Meteorological Factors over Different Landscape Types During Dust Storm Events in Cele,Xinjiang,China

Landscape characteristics influence meteorological factors, thus affect the occurrence and nature of dust storm events. The present study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics of six meteorological factors(wind velocity, wind direction, air temperature, relative humidity(RH), photo synthetically active radiation(PAR), and solar radiation) over different landscape types(shifting-sand frontier, semi-fixed sandy land, fixed sandy land, and the inner region of an oasis) before and after dust storms during four typical dust storm events in an oasis-desert ecotone in Cele, Xinjiang, China. The results show that the average wind velocity decreased significantly from the shifting-sand frontier to the inner oasis, which was mainly attributable to the vegetation coverage. Before the dust storm events, there were obvious differences in air temperature and RH either in the horizontal or vertical direction over the different landscape types. However, these factors were very similar during and following the dust storm events. PAR and solar radiation were significantly reduced during the dust storm events and the subsequent sand-blowing and floating-dust conditions. This effect was much stronger than during similar weather conditions without dust storm events such as sand-blowing and overcast and/or rainy days. Additionally, the variation in the meteorological factors among the different landscapes was also affected by the prevailing wind direction during the dust storm events. However, the landscape type slightly changed the prevailing wind direction, with the greatest dispersion distribution of wind direction in the inner oasis. The findings of this study are helpful for understanding the function of landscape types in the occurrence of dust storms, as well as for providing a theoretical basis for prevention of dust storms.     

沙尘暴过程中气象要素响应及输沙分析

通过野外监测系统获取的试验数据,对拐子湖地区2011年4月份一次强沙尘暴过程中贴地层微气象要素和输沙进行分析,得出如下结论：大气高温干燥,地表高温低湿、气压下降,风速增大是沙尘暴来临的前兆;沙尘暴过程中风向和风速相对稳定,气压、水汽压和相对湿度都会明显下降;地温下降速度较慢,土壤湿度略有上升;输沙量主要集中于距地表50cm以内高度层,在0-20cm高度层里输沙量呈增大趋势,20cm以上随着高度升高含沙量逐渐下降;跃移沙粒输沙量的空间分布与风向频率既有相似性,又有差异性;蠕移输沙量的方向分布比较复杂,同风向分布有显著的差异。这些结果对沙尘暴预报和沙源区的防风治沙有指导意义。     

天山及周边地区空中水资源的稳定性及可开发性研究

利用天山及周边地区大气含水量序列的方差值和降水转化率,分析了天山地区空中水资源的稳定性和可开发性,结果表明：天山山区大气含水量的稳定性与大气含水量多少有密切关系,大气含水量低的地区,水资源稳定,而大气含水量高的地区,水资源不稳定。夏季是四季中方差最大的季节,稳定性较差;冬季是大气含水量方差最低的季节,特别是山区大气含水量稳定,秋季略高于春季。天山东部和西部地区的大气含水量方差明显要小,而中部地区较大,这主要是由控制风带的强弱及水汽输送决定的。大气含水量的稳定性和海拔成反相关关系,这主要与水汽凝结的高度有关。地形高度变化和降水转化率密切相关,随海拔高度上升,降水转化率增大,降水转化率在2000m左右形成一个高值,天山山区年降水转化率最大,伊犁河谷冬季降水转化率最大。     

风沙灾害对阿拉尔垦区棉花播种出苗的影响

由于塔里木河流域生态环境的改变,风沙灾害已经成为阿拉尔垦区棉花播种出苗期内的主要自然灾害之一,严重制约着棉花生产的发展。文中依据近10a气象资料,分析了风沙灾害对棉花播种出苗的影响,并提出相应的对策建议。     

复水对花铃期轻度干旱胁迫棉花形态特性和产量的解除效应研究

水资源匮乏是限制棉花可持续发展的主要因素之一,明确棉花干旱后的复水灌溉量、复水时间及其对生长发育的影响解除程度,可为制定有效抗旱减灾降损措施提供科学依据。采用精准水分模拟试验,研究了花铃期不同复水程度（50%、75%、100%灌溉量）对棉花轻度干旱胁迫（土壤湿度为50%-60%）形态特性、产量的解除效应。结果表明,干旱复水后,100%和75%复水量处理棉花蕾铃干物质、地上总干物质均高于或接近对照,干物质增加量与复水程度呈正比,而50%复水量处理始终低于对照,复水对干旱的解除效应不显著。复水过程中,棉田土壤湿度和植株叶片含水率的差异变化趋势一致,复水后第4d达到最高,随后逐渐下降;复水后第19天至30天,50%复水量叶片含水率显著低于对照,土壤已发展为重旱,而75%、100%复水量叶片含水率与对照间差异不显著,土壤为无旱状态,二者配合可快速监测棉田干旱状况。复水后株蕾铃数、单铃重、棉花纤维长度均低于对照,蕾铃脱落率增加,最终产量低于对照,但75%、100%复水量产量与对照差异不显著。50%复水量无法解除轻度干旱胁迫对棉花生长发育的影响,75%、100%复水量可有效解除干旱影响,且在复水后第19d内受旱棉花处于恢复生长的旺盛期,进行干旱复水灌溉时需考虑复水程度和时间差。     

Microclimate effects of crop residues on biological processes

Summary Residues from crops left on the soil surface have an impact on the microclimate, primarily temperature, within the soil and the atmosphere; but, the impact on the biological system is largely unknown. Residue is assumed to have a positive impact on the biological system in the soil and a negative impact on crop growth. This report investigates the effect of standing residue on the microclimate surrounding a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop in a semi-arid environment and the effect of flat residue on the seasonal soil temperature and soil water regimes in a humid climate with a corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production system. A study was conducted during 1987 and 1988 in a semi-arid climate at Lubbock, Texas using standing wheat stubble to shelter cotton from wind. In this study soil water, microclimatic variables, and plant growth were measured within standing stubble and bare soil during the early vegetative growth period. Air temperatures were warmer at night within the standing residue and the air more humid throughout the day. This led to a reduction in the soil water evaporation rate and an increase in the water use efficiency of the cotton plant within the stubble. Studies on corn residue with continuous corn and corn-soybean rotations with no-till, chiselplow, and moldboard plow tillage practices in central Iowa showed that the average soil temperatures in the upper soil profile were not affected by the presence of flat residue after tillage. Diurnal temperature ranges were most affected by the residue throughout the year. The largest effect of the residue on soil temperature was in the fall after harvest when no-till fields cooled more slowly than tilled fields. In the spring, surface residue decreased the soil water evaporation rate and increased the soil water storage within the soil profile covered with residue. In years with below normal rainfall, the additional stored soil water due to the surface residue was used by the plant to maintain transpiration rates at optimal levels during the early vegetative growth period. The biological implications of crop residue on the soil surface can be more positive than negative and increasing our understanding of the physical environment and biological system interactions will lead to improved resource management.Contribution from the United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service.With 6 Figures