棉花结铃期的温度指标

棉铃从开花到吐絮,要经过一系列复杂的生理过程。棉铃能否正常成熟以及棉铃的大小和品质的好坏,除营养条件外,主要受气象条件的影响。对结铃较晚的秋桃和晚秋桃来说,主要受热量条件的影响。如果在生长前期阴雨天气多,栽培管理措施不当,则易造成蕾铃脱落,贪青陡长;若遇秋季低温影响,大多数晚秋桃就会成为无效铃。在干旱年份,则易造成棉株早衰,结铃终止期结束过早,同样也影响产量。因此,探讨棉花有效开花结铃期的温度指标,对正确掌握栽培管理技术,充分利用气候资源,提高棉花产量,都有一定的意义。     

棉花产量要素预测模型

引起棉花产量波动的主要产量构成要素是株铃数和单铃重,作者将大田监测与气候统计相结合道德预测单株现蕾数,成铃雍铃重,对对最终产量进行预后,提高了产量预后准确率。     

棉花蕾铃脱落的气象条件分析及防御

棉花从现蕾开花到结铃吐絮期间会出现蕾铃脱落现象。一般前期脱落少,随着花蕾数增加,脱落也逐渐增加,进入开花盛期,脱落达到高峰。据观测统计,一般脱落率都在６０％以上,最高竟达８０％～９０％。因此,设法增蕾保铃,减少脱落,对于棉花丰产稳产具有重要意义。１　棉花蕾铃脱落的气象条件分析１．１　水　分当天气持续晴旱少雨,土壤水分降到田间持水量的７０％以下时,蕾铃脱落现象即开始逐渐增多,并随着土壤水分的继续下降而急剧增大。分析其原因主要是：①棉株干旱时,叶片吸水力大于子房吸水力,结果棉株中下部的叶片就夺取邻近…     

乌兹别克斯坦棉铃成熟数量与棉花生育期热量条件的农业气候鉴定

在棉花生产中,为了增加产量和提高棉纤维品质,不能不充分并全面地考虑棉花产地的气候资源。棉花单产首先与生产中采用的综合栽培措施有关。同时,棉花生长期农业气象条件、秋季初霜冻、植株停止生长时未成熟的棉铃受害程度等,也严重影响棉花的产量与纤维品质。因此,鉴定第一个棉铃开裂至秋霜期间棉花生长期的热量保证率尤其有意义。因为这个时期的条件决定着棉花裂铃的数     

棉花烂铃的气象条件及其防御

棉花烂铃是棉花生长中后期的常发性病害,严重影响了棉花的产量和品质。通过对1989—1998 年的资料分析,发现棉花烂铃的主要原因是由气象条件造成的,从中找出了棉花烂铃的规律,并提出了防御烂铃的一些具体措施     

棉花铃数估测初探

预测棉花产量对计划经济、外贸等起着重要作用。以构成棉花产量的要素预测单产,其关键在于估测铃数及铃重。本文试图通过对多次观测资料的分析,探索前期(八、九月)估测棉铃数的方法。     

棉花热量补偿争早措施及其气象效应──棉花热量补偿技术原理之一

棉花是喜温作物，尤其播种～出苗、开花～吐絮对温度最敏感，所以，适宜的温度是棉花进行正常生理活动的必要条件。热量不足不仅影响生育进程，并且对产量高低品质好坏也起着决定作用。在我省春季常因低温不能一播全苗，幼苗出土晚、生育慢，6月上、中旬搭不好丰产架子，现蕾盛期常延迟到7月上、中旬。棉花现蕾的生物学下限温度为19～20C，而关中棉区5月下旬就相继稳定通过了20℃，致使6月份的有效温度得不到利用，缩短了棉花的有效花蕾期，棉花现蕾少给铃少，秋季还易受低温阴雨的威胁。为此，我们研究了适期早播、保苗促苗的适宜技术措施…     

气象条件对棉花产量和品质的影响——1992年新乡市棉花大幅度减产的气象原因分析

1992年5月上旬的连阴雨和中下旬长时问的轻雾，致使棉苗期气温偏低，日照时数偏少，土壤湿度增大，不仅影响棉苗生长，也有利于虫卵出土。苗铃期，前期干旱，中期雨水过多；花铃期气温偏高；加之整个生育期日照不足，导致蕾铃大量脱落。吐絮期，光照少，温度陡降，初霜期早，又影响了棉花的裂铃吐絮和棉花的品质。天灾和虫害造成了1992年新乡市棉花的大减产。     

2003年新疆棉花农业气象条件评述

2003年南疆大部棉区开春偏早，但开春后多回寒天气，使部分棉区的棉花播种进度缓慢；北疆大部棉区开春期正常略偏晚，气温回升缓慢，棉花播种期一再推迟。出苗期间冷空气活动频繁，致使全疆大部棉区棉苗发育迟缓，且部分早播的棉田还出现不同程度的烂种、烂芽及烂根现象。出苗以后的大部分时间，全疆大部棉区光热充足，对棉花生长有利，但期间7月下旬的低温天气对北疆部分棉花的产量及品质造成一定影响。综合来看，2003年全疆大部棉区春季热量条件及棉花生长的基本热量     

2002年新疆棉花农业气象条件评述

2002年全疆大部棉区开春偏早。南疆棉区开春后气温持续偏高,降水偏少,有利于棉花早播;但北疆棉区因4月份持续的低温多雨天气,致使大部棉区播种期较常年偏晚,部分早播的棉田还出现了烂种烂芽现象。出苗后,全疆大部棉区光热充足,虫害较轻,对棉花生长有利,播种至停止生长≥10℃积温也比常年偏多。综合来看,2002年南疆棉区棉花生长气象条件明显好于常年;北疆棉区虽然前期热量条件略显不足,但后期(尤其是裂铃吐絮时多晴好天气)光热充足,有利于棉花成铃的完全吐絮,棉花生长期的气象条件好于常年。再加上高密度栽培技术的广泛应用,2002年棉花单产再…     

Response of flower and boll development to climatic factors in Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense)

Fruiting of cotton plant is determined and influenced by cultivars, climatic conditions, management practices and pests. An understanding of the flowering and boll retention patterns of cotton cultivars can contribute to more efficient and economical crop management. The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of various climatic factors on flower and boll production, and also, the nature of its effects prevailing prior and subsequent to either flowering or boll setting on flower and boll production and retention in Egyptian cotton. This could be used in formulating advanced prediction of the effect of certain climatic conditions on the production of Egyptian cotton. Also, the study focused on four equal periods during the development of flower and bolls stage to study the response of these characters to climatic factors during these periods and to determine the most representative period corresponding to the overall crop pattern. Further, the study predicting effects of climatic factors during convenient intervals (in days) on cotton flower and boll production compared with daily observations to find the optimum interval. Evaporation, sunshine duration, humidity, surface soil temperature at 1800 h, and maximum air temperature, are the important climatic factors that significantly affects flower and boll production. Evaporation; minimum humidity and sunshine duration were the most effective climatic factors during preceding and succeeding periods on boll production and retention. There was a negative correlation between flower and boll production and either evaporation or sunshine duration, while that correlation with minimum humidity was positive. The fourth quarter period of the production stage was the most appropriate and usable time to collect data for determining efficient prediction equations for cotton production. Evaporation, humidity and temperature were the principal climatic factors that governed cotton flower and boll production during the fourth quarter. The five day interval was found to be adequately and sensibly related to yield parameters than other intervals and was closest to the daily observations. Evaporation was found to be the most important climatic variable affecting flower and boll production, followed by humidity. An accurate weather forecast 5–7 days in advance would provide an opportunity to avoid adverse effects of climatic factors on cotton production through utilizing proper cultural practices which would limit and control their negative effects.     

石河子棉区棉花阶段延迟型冷害指标研究

为客观定量评估北疆棉花冷害,本文利用2003-2007年在北疆乌兰乌苏农业气象试验站和莫索湾气象站进行的田间分期播种试验,对处于不同热量条件下的花铃期棉花进行发育期、外部性状、产量性状监测。结合两站同步气象观测资料,计算整理两站开花至裂铃期间日平均温度、日最高、日最低温度、及≥10℃、15℃、20℃活动积温等资料。综合气象学、生态学信息,分析棉花花铃期低温对棉花发育期、外部性状特征、产量性状特征的影响。运用一元线性回归统计分析,建立了北疆棉区棉花开花至开花盛期间隔日数与产量的回归方程,并由此得出北疆棉区出现轻、中、重度级别阶段性延迟型冷害的开花至开花盛期间隔日数指标;运用相同的方法得出出现轻、中、重度级别延迟型冷害的开花至裂铃期间单铃重指标。     

不同气候生态棉区化学调控适宜期的试验及其应用

在山东省气候条件下,棉花生长发育主要受热量条件制约．由积温推算出在不同气候生态棉区以及不同品种、种植方式、密度和产量水平下的棉田物候期,由此得到相应棉田各次化调期,可改变田间小气候,提高成铃率１０％～１５％,单铃重增加０．３～０．９ｇ,使棉田因蕾期缩短而改变播期及种植品种,扩大麦棉两熟种植区域,提高棉花品质．     

A DIAGNOSTIC EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF CO_2 ENRICHMENT ON COTTON GROWTH,DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD

A series of experiments were conducted about the effects of different CO_2 concentrations andventilating time on cotton using OPT-1 open top chambers.The results show that.for all theventilating treatments,the development stages of cotton were advanced,plant height increased,thebiomass of root and stalk increased when CO_2 concentration increased: the number of bolls formed insummer was more than 85% of the total for the treatment of 700 ppm CO_2 concentration; single bollweight,the number of bolls per plant,ginned and unginned cotton weights,and stalk weightincreased obviously when CO_2 concentration increased,but the influences of CO_2 enrichment on theratio of ginned weight to the total weight of ginned and unginned cotton,fibre length and ginnedweight of 100-seed were small.     

A DIAGNOSTIC EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF CO2 ENRICHMENT ON COTTON GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD

A series of experiments were conducted about the effects of different CO₂ concentrations and ventilating time on cotton using OPT-1 open top chambers.The results show that.for all the ventilating treatments,the development stages of cotton were advanced,plant height increased,the biomass of root and stalk increased when CO₂ concentration increased:the number of bolls formed in summer was more than 85% of the total for the treatment of 700 ppm CO₂ concentration;single boll weight,the number of bolls per plant,ginned and unginned cotton weights,and stalk weight increased obviously when CO₂ concentration increased,but the influences of CO₂ enrichment on the ratio of ginned weight to the total weight of ginned and unginned cotton,fibre length and ginned weight of 100-seed were small.     

河北省棉花连阴雨灾害定量化评估指标与风险分析

利用河北省棉区1981—2015年40个气象站逐日气象资料、农业气象观测站棉花农情、连阴雨灾情、棉花产量资料,分析连阴雨过程特征及其对棉花生长的影响,修订和完善连阴雨灾害指标;采用数理统计方法获取历史连阴雨产量灾损率、筛选关键致灾因子,采用权重系数法构建连阴雨强度指数,并建立基于强度指数的灾损评估模型;利用有序样本聚类分析法划分连阴雨强度等级;依据风险分析原理,构建连阴雨风险指数并进行风险区划。结果表明：建立的强度指数能够客观反映连阴雨灾害强度,灾损评估模型评估效果较好。棉花播种出苗期连阴雨发生概率低（0.076）、造成的损失小（平均产量灾损率0.09%）;现蕾至吐絮期连阴雨影响较大,发生概率和造成的灾损率由大到小依次为花铃期（0.447,17.1%） > 现蕾期（0.394,11.7%） > 吐絮期（0.237,7.2%）。近年来,现蕾期连阴雨发生站次减少,对棉花影响减弱,花铃期和吐絮期发生站次增加,尤其是吐絮期增加明显,成为连阴雨灾害影响棉花生长的主要时期。现蕾期和花铃期连阴雨高风险区主要分布在非主棉区,其中现蕾期高风险区分布在保定北部及以北棉区,花铃期高风险区分布在保定北部及以北棉区和石家庄、邢台、邯郸三市西部棉区;吐絮期高风险区分布在保定西南部、衡水西部、石家庄及其以南棉区,部分地区为主棉区。     

低温对石河子棉区花铃期棉花生长的影响

2003—2005年在新疆石河子棉区乌兰乌苏农业气象试验站内,通过智能人工气候箱实施低温处理试验,研究低温和低温持续时间对花铃期棉花生长的影响。结果表明：石河子棉区棉花在花铃期遭受异常低温处理之后,其叶片和蕾、铃都会发生异常脱落,并且其叶片和总蕾铃数的减少会随低温强度和持续时间的增加而呈现明显增加;棉花在花铃期遭受异常低温之后,其蕾、铃受害对低温的响应速度快于叶片,其受害程度也大于叶片。     

Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense) flower and boll production as affected by climatic factors and soil moisture status

The information on impact of climatic factors on cotton production is not generally available, or at least not available in the required form. Understanding this impact may help physiologists determine a possible control of the flowering mechanism in the cotton plant. Two field trials were conducted to investigate the relationships between climatic factors, soil moisture status, and flower and boll production of Gossypium barbadense. The climatic factors considered were daily maximum air temperature (°C), minimum air temperature (°C), maximum–minimum temperature (diurnal temperature range) (°C), sunshine duration (h day^?1), maximum relative humidity (%), minimum relative humidity (%), and wind speed (m s^?1). Minimum relative humidity and sunshine duration were the most significant climatic factors affecting flower and boll retention and production. Temperature appeared to be less important in the reproduction growth stage of cotton in Egypt than minimum relative humidity and sunshine duration. The soil moisture status showed low and insignificant correlation to flower and boll production. High minimum relative humidity, short period of sunshine duration, and low temperatures enhanced flower and boll formation.     

棉花耗水规律和灌溉随机控制

根据5年田间试验资料,分析了棉花产量与耗水量的抛物线关系,确定了棉花最佳耗水量;根据棉花植株在不同土壤湿度情况下气孔阻力、蒸腾强度和蕾铃脱落率的变化,确定了不同生育阶段的适宜水分指标和干旱指标。在此基础上,研制了棉花灌溉随机控制模型,可以动态预报棉田土壤有效水分含量和实际蒸散量,并从经济效益和水分利用效率的角度提出优化灌溉决策。