冬季气候评价

一九八五年十二月至一九八六年二月的气候特点为:气温偏高,降水偏少,东疆及南疆地区整个冬季无降水,干旱持续. 一九八五年十二月至一九八六年二月,全疆各地气温偏高1-2度.其中北疆北部偏高1度左右,塔城地区偏高2度左右,北疆沿天山一带偏高1-2度.北疆西部、北疆沿天山一带及东疆地区极端最低气温都没突破-30度,北疆北部的极端最低气温也没突破-35度.今年的严寒期北疆北部、西部出现在二月下旬,南疆地区则出现在元月下旬.     

新疆区域模式MM5和GRAPES预报能力对比检验

对新疆气象局运行的MM5、Grapes模式2008年4-9月的温度、降水预报能力进行了对比检验,得到以下结果：(1)MM5降水预报能力均优于Grapes,08点初始场降水预报能力略优于20点初始场;(2)降水预报北疆西部、天山山区最好,北疆北部、北疆沿天山次之,南疆最次;(3) MM5对西西伯利亚低槽和中亚低值系统相结合的降水过程预报能力最好,中亚低值系统次之,西西伯利亚低槽最次;(4) MM5温度预报能力均优于Grapes,白天的预报效果优于夜间,预报较实况总体偏低;(5) MM5气温预报准确率北疆优于南疆,偏东优于偏西,平均误差的分布则体现出偏西以负值为主,偏东以正值为主。Grapes的预报准确率南北疆没有明显差异,平均误差的分布也体现出偏西以负值为主,偏东以正值为主。     

新疆213数值预报降水评价

利用2006年新疆107个测站的实况降水资料和T213模式的降水预报值,根据中短期天气预报质量检验办法中客观降水检验方法,对T213数值降水预报产品的24 h预报能力进行了分析检验,结果表明：（1）T213对新疆地区暴雨和大暴雨基本无预报能力。（2）T213在新疆区域对于小量和中量降水的整体预报能力北疆要明显好于南疆。（3）T213的预报能力存在一定的季节性,对弱降水过程预报能力较差。（4）从小量到大量降水,T213的空报率和漏报率都很高,整体预报效果不好。     

T213和T639驱动GRAPES模式对比试验

使用T213和T639产品为初始场和边界条件,采用完全相同的物理过程和方案,驱动GRAPES区域模式,对2009年4—9月在新疆温度与降水预报的结果进行了对比检验,检验结果表明:(1)使用T639产品为初始场,24 h降水Ts评分平均值较T213产品为初始场的提高5分,晴雨准确率提高20分,但漏报率也上升了。T213和T639为初始场时各站的降水Ts评分,其空间分布情况均体现出北疆西部、天山山区最好,南疆最次,其它地区居中。Ts评分提高的站点主要分布在天山山区及沿天山一带。(2)使用T639产品为初始场,逐小时温度预报1℃、2℃准确率分别提高了约15分和28分,预报平均误差均为负值。预报准确率提高较明显的站主要集中在天山山区及两侧,南疆提高总体优于北疆,2℃准确率的提高比1℃更为显著。     

如何收听天气预报

以1988年元月18日14时30分发布的48小时预报为例:“今天夜间到后天,北疆各地和东疆北部有小量的雪,其中北疆北部、西部、北疆沿天山一带等地的个别地区可达中量。同时上述各地有5—6级的西北风,北     

新疆T213数值预报降水评价

利用2006年新疆107个测站的实况降水资料和T213模式的降水预报值,根据中短期天气预报质量检验办法中客观降水检验方法,对T213数值降水预报产品的24 h预报能力进行了分析检验,结果表明:(1)T213对新疆地区暴雨和大暴雨基本无预报能力。(2)T213在新疆区域对于小量和中量降水的整体预报能力北疆要明显好于南疆。(3)T213的预报能力存在一定的季节性,对弱降水过程预报能力较差。(4)从小量到大量降水,T213的空报率和漏报率都很高,整体预报效果不好。     

一次终霜预报与服务纪实

1993年5月8日14时-10日20时-次较强冷空气入侵新疆,影响北疆各地、天山南麓地区之后,主要是出现了霜冻危害. 区气象台短期预报室在7日分析了各种天气图表、卫星云图资料做出预报:明天傍晚到10日北疆各地、南疆西部、阿克苏地区、天山山区普遍有小雨,其中北疆西部     

1989年春季(3-5月)气候影响评价

一、气候概况春季的主要气候特点是:北疆大部地区气温正常略偏高,南疆大部地区正常略偏低.全疆降水偏少,局地旱情较重.风多风大,开春晚,终霜期北疆晚、南疆早.4月中旬至5月上旬,出现较长低温天气,对晚春作物播种出苗影响较大. 气温:季平均气温北疆北部和北疆沿天山一带为6-10℃,东疆和吐鲁番地区以及巴州一带为13-19℃,均较常年同期偏高0.2-1.4℃,北疆西部为8-10℃,南疆大部地区为14℃左右,均比常年同期偏低0.3-0.8℃.月气温变化趋势是:北疆3、5两     

新疆天山山区干旱灾害综合风险评估与区划

以自然灾害风险四因子理论为基础,综合考虑研究区自然及社会经济情况,建立适合天山山区干旱灾害风险概念框架和指标体系,结合GIS技术进行了该地区干旱灾害风险评估与区划。结果表明：致灾因子危险性较高的区域是伊犁河谷及天山北坡一带,东疆地区和南疆西部危险性较低;承灾体脆弱性较高的区域为伊犁河谷和博州地区,吐鲁番、哈密及克州属于低脆弱区;孕灾环境敏感性较高地区主要分布在天山北坡的精河至吐鲁番一线、阿克苏地区西部、巴州北部等地,伊犁河谷、巴州北部、哈密市北部、南疆西部山区属低敏感区;防灾减灾能力整体表现为中东部高于西部区域;新疆天山山区干旱综合风险整体呈现出中部高、两端低的趋势,即中部的天山南北两侧干旱风险高于南疆西部和东疆地区。构建的评估模型总体反映了研究区旱灾综合风险水平,可为新疆天山草原灾害风险管理、应对气候变化、抗旱减灾行动提供参考。     

秋季气候影响评价(1993年9—11月)

9～11月，新疆的主要气候特点是：全疆大部地区气温偏低，北疆11月中旬气温显著偏低，加霜大部地区偏早，入冬期提前；降水南疆偏小，北疆偏多，北疆降水时空分布不均匀，11月中旬降水相对较多；季内灾害性天气少，9、10月多晴朗大气，对秋收秋种十分有利。1气候概况气温：季平均气温北疆为4－9℃，南疆为8—12C。与常年同期比较，北疆北部偏低2℃，北疆沿天山一带偏低l℃，北疆西部接近常年值，南疆除阿克苏、和田接近常年值外，其它地区构偏高1℃，哈密偏低2℃。按秋季平均气温分级指标划分，阿勒泰、塔城、乌鲁木齐属偏低等级；哈密属异…     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on