基于CLDAS的格点温度预报偏差订正方法

利用国家气象信息中心CLDAS格点温度实况、中央气象台SCMOC格点温度预报以及山西省站点观测温度,采用非独立性检验综合评估CLDAS在山西区域的适用性。在此基础上,采用滑动训练期订正方案,基于格点实况开展SCMOC温度预报场的客观订正。结果表明:(1)复杂地形对山西CLDAS格点温度实况的精度有一定影响,但最高气温的分析精度优于最低气温,表明地形对最低气温的偏差影响更显著,高海拔地区CLDAS最低气温一般对应为负偏差,低海拔地区一般对应为正偏差。(2)CLDAS格点温度实况的偏差空间分布具有时间延续性,进行简单的系统偏差订正后,最高、最低气温格点实况的精度分别提升1.1%、9.7%,与站点观测更为吻合。(3)基于改进后的CLDAS格点温度实况,采用滑动偏差订正方案,显著改善了山西省SCMOC温度预报的准确率。2019年,滑动偏差订正后的24 h时效最高、最低气温预报准确率较SCMOC温度预报分别提升2.7%、4.7%,订正后的短期温度预报质量有较大提高,优于预报员主观预报。     

针对模式风场的格点预报订正方案对比

为了将格点观测融合产品用于模式预报产品的滚动订正中,获得精准的预报效果,使用国家气象信息中心HRCLDAS（High Resolution China Meteorological Administration Land Data Assimilation System）业务系统产生的高频次格点风场融合产品作为实况资料,采用两种风场模型和8种格点误差订正方案,对模式风预报产品进行订正预报试验,试验选择欧洲中期天气预报中心10 m风预报产品的2017年1月1日—2月28日以及2017年6月1日—7月31日两个时间段,进行了预报模拟试验,对8种格点误差订正方案的订正结果进行检验,同时将订正场插值到站点,使用国家级2400个地面气象站风场资料进行站点检验,结果表明:无论从格点还是站点检验的平均绝对偏差、准确率、绝对偏差分布频率结果看,采用基于模式和实况因子的全格点滑动建模订正方案具有最佳的订正效果。     

多模式降水资料在贵州的检验分析

本文检验了2020年3月至2021年2月ECMWF和GRAPES以及中央台格点产品（以下简称SCMOC）和省台格点产品（以下简称SPCC）4家降水预报产品逐24h未来5天在贵州的预报质量,结论如下：（1）ECMWF和SCMOC与实况的相关系数最高,SCMOC和SPCC预报降水的变化幅度较观测偏大,而GRAPES预报降水的变化幅度较观测则是明显偏小。（2）SCMOC的晴雨准确率最高,除在72h预报时效SPCC的准确率略高于SCMOC外,其余预报时效SPCC准确率均低于SCMOC,表明SPCC的订正能力需要进一步提升。（3）在小雨量级,4种降水预报产品的TS评分相差不大,ECMWF和GRAPES的ETS评分明显低于SCMOC和SPCC,其中GRAPES的TS评分在5个预报时效内均高于ECMWF。在中雨量级,前3个预报时效内ECMWF的TS和ETS评分均高于其他三家,ECMWF在5个预报时效内预报有降水的次数大于实况出现的降水次数,但空报次数并不是最多的,在后2个预报时效内,SCMOC的TS和ETS评分均是最高的,但与其他家相差不大。在大雨量级,24h和96h预报时效ECMWF的TS和ETS评分均是最高的,而在48h、72h、120h预报时效SCMOC的TS和ETS评分是最高的。在暴雨及以上量级,前3个时效内SPCC 的TS和ETS评分均是最高,且48h的TS评分空间分布也是最优的,表明SPCC对暴雨及以上量级在前3个预报时效内订正能力较好。     

三种气温预报产品黑龙江省预报效果检验

利用T639模式预报产品和黑龙江省83个国家气象站气温实况观测资料,采用最优预报因子方法选取预报因子,应用多元回归方法建立逐站日最高气温和日最低气温的MOS预报方程; 对MOS、中央气象台指导预报（SCMOC）和T639三种气温预报产品的日最高气温和日最低气温预报效果进行对比检验分析,并用EOF方法检验预报与实况的时空变化特征一致性。结果表明: 与实况的时空变化一致性方面,MOS和SCMOC较好,T639略差; 预报效果方面,MOS和SCMOC对日最高气温和日最低气温的2 ℃预报准确率普遍高于T639,MOS的预报准确率在日最高气温方面高于SCMOC,在日最低气温方面低于SCMOC; MOS对T639气温预报产品改善效果明显,尤其对冬季日最低气温的预报改善效果十分显著; MOS较T639气温预报改善效果与T639模式预报效果呈负相关关系,主要表现为,MOS预报改善效果在T639预报准确率低的山区明显优于平原,在春、夏季,预报准确率较低的日最高气温明显优于日最低气温,在冬季,预报准确率较低的日最低气温优于日最高气温; MOS气温预报方法的预报性能较理想,SCMOC对黑龙江省预报难度较大的日最低气温预报效果较好。     

基于机器学习的模式温度预报订正方法研究

机器学习在气象数值模式的后处理中表现优越,但其稳定性和适用性有待深入探究。本文选取了ECWMF模式包括2米温度、风、降水等多气象要素预报产品和安徽省80个国家气象站观测2米温度实况资料,分析了EC模式在安徽省站点温度预报误差,利用决策树、随机森林、LightGBM三种机器学习算法订正EC 模式0-72小时温度站点预报,并将其与传统MOS订正方法和SPCC主观预报产品进行了对比。结果表明：EC模式高温预报误差明显高于低温预报,在安徽皖南山区和大别山区存在较大误差;机器学习算法中最高温度预报随机森林表现最优,最低温度预报LightGBM最优,比EC模式平均绝对误差MAE分别降低了0.55℃、0.2℃,均方根误差RMSE分别降低0.6℃、0.31℃,预报准确率提高了18.16%和5.19%;高山站独立建模并融合周围站的信息能有效降低模型误差;相比SPCC主观预报产品,机器学习预报模型在高温和寒潮过程中互有优劣,但在天气转折初期落后;机器学习可以作为常规预报模式的补充,能显著优化或改善传统预报中温度预测精度,特别是对于数据缺乏的高山站点。     

基于CMA-TYM和SCMOC的嫩江流域暴雨检验北大核心CSCD

选取2021年嫩江流域9个暴雨日,利用降水融合产品,采用CRA空间检验,对区域台风数值预报系统(CMATYM)和国家级智能网格指导预报(SCMOC)20:00起报的24 h降水预报产品进行检验。结果表明:CMA-TYM和SCMOC预报的最大降水量位置均偏西、偏北,CMA-TYM和SCMOC预报的降水落区均偏西,但前者偏北,后者略偏南,SCMOC预报优于CMA-TYM。误差分析表明:CMA-TYM和SCMOC预报的暴雨落区最大降水量和平均降水量比实况偏小,格点数、面积较实况偏大,但整体上,CMA-TYM预报更接近实况。CRA空间检验显示,CMA-TYM预报的降水强度和落区形态、SCMOC预报的降水落区位置和形态较接近实况,具有一定指示意义。     

一个简单的格点温度预报订正方法

格点气象要素预报是中国气象局目前的主推业务和未来天气预报的发展方向。本文基于欧洲中期数值预报中心ECMWF高分辨率模式2 m温度预报资料,在传统中央气象台站点温度指导预报SCMOC和回归方法建立的站点温度预报的基础上,提出"站点订正值向格点传递"的方法来订正格点温度预报。结果表明:(1)SCMOC站点最高、最低温度24~168 h预报误差2℃准确率分别平均高于ECMWF的10.0%和23.1%,ECMWF存在较大的系统性偏差,最低温度预报偏高,最高温度预报偏低。(2)"站点订正值向格点传递"方法能够订正模式格点温度预报的系统误差,且整体上不改变原ECMWF温度预报场的空间形态和原模式对地形的刻画特征。(3)利用研究区域内98个县级站SCMOC温度预报,订正ECMWF格点场,返回到区域内1289个乡镇站进行检验,结果24 h最低、最高温度1℃的准确率较ECMWF分别提高22.8%和11.9%,2℃的准确率则分别提高29.7%和17.4%。最低(高)温度绝对误差平均减小0.99℃(0.69℃),平均误差(ME)下降到0.7℃(-0.9℃)以内。(4)通过一元线性回归,得到98个县级站的温度预报,返回差值场来订正格点场,也能较好地订正ECMWF的系统性误差。对比两种方法,SCMOC差值传递在最低温度订正方面有较大的优势,而回归方法的最高温度订正效果较好。此外,回归方法能够较好地改善逐时温度预报效果。该方法已成功运用于陕西省精细化格点预报业务系统中。     

一种改进的频率匹配法在网格降水预报订正中的应用

为提高精细化网格降水的实际预报能力,评估了2021年汛期ECMWF(EC)、CMA-MESO、SXWRF和SCMOC降水预报产品在陕西的表现,讨论了卡尔曼动态频率匹配方法对不同模式的订正效果,然后针对该方法不足,基于最优TS评分阈值法和SCMOC在天气过程判定中占优信息对小量级降水进行了二次订正,最后利用分类降水过程建模和基于图像相似识别技术改进的卡尔曼动态频率匹配法对暴雨进行了订正研究。结果表明:SCMOC晴雨预报准确率和暴雨TS评分均最高,分别为81.60%和0.30,表现最好;卡尔曼动态频率匹配法可明显提高EC、CMA-MESO和SXWRF模式降水预报产品晴雨预报准确率,对暴雨预报的改善效果不稳定,对EC晴雨预报准确率和暴雨TS评分提升幅度均最大,分别为6.35%和6.99%,该订正方法更适合于EC模式;经晴雨消空二次订正后的EC模式晴雨和小雨预报准确率较一次订正后的EC模式均有提高,分别提高了0.51%和0.64%;分类降水过程建模订正可进一步提高EC暴雨TS评分,较未分类过程订正后的暴雨TS评分提高了1.05%,且暴雨其他评分指标也均变好;改进后的卡尔曼动态频率匹配法较改进前...     

基于ECMWF产品的站点气温预报集成学习误差订正

提出一种基于数值模式预报产品的气温预报集成学习误差订正方法,通过人工神经网络、长短期记忆网络和线性回归模型组合出新的集成学习模型（ALS模型）,采用2013—2017年的欧洲中期天气预报中心数值天气预报模式2 m气温预报产品和中国部分气象站点数据,利用气象站点气温、风速、气压、相对湿度4个观测要素,挖掘观测数据的时序特征并结合模式2 m气温预报结果训练机器学习模型,对2018年模式2 m气温6~168 h格点预报产品插值到站点后的预报结果进行偏差订正。结果表明:ALS模型可将站点气温预报整体均方根误差由3.11℃降至2.50℃,降幅达0.61℃（19.6%）,而传统的线性回归模型降幅为0.23℃（8.4%）。ALS模型对站点气温预报误差较大的区域和气温峰值预报的订正效果尤为显著,因此,集成学习方法在数值模式预报结果订正中具有较大的应用潜力。     

基于频率匹配和融合法的多种网格降水预报产品订正

为进一步提高陕西省精细化网格降水预报能力,利用EC细网格（下简称EC）、Grapes_Meso 3 km（下简称Grapes）和SCMOC（中国气象局下发指导产品）降水预报产品,采用卡尔曼滤波、频率匹配和融合方法,研发了一套降水预报新产品。结果表明：频率匹配可明显提高各降水预报产品晴雨预报质量,但对强降水预报改善效果不稳定,融合方法可解决该问题;较订正前的EC、Grapes和SCMOC降水预报产品,新产品24 h晴雨预报准确率分别提高了1506%、868%和150%,强降水预报TS评分分别提高了4261%、7600%和127%,强降水预报TS评分的提高是以增加空报率为代价的;新产品3 h晴雨预报准确率较订正前EC、Grapes、SCMOC分别提高了1028%、407%和054%,强降水预报TS评分较订正前EC、SCMOC分别提高了5444%和965%,与Grapes基本持平,强降水预报BIAS偏差幅度较订正前EC、SCMOC分别降低了5665%和5188%;新产品1 h晴雨预报准确率较Grapes和SCMOC分别提高了229%和210%,强降水预报TS评分和强降水预报BIAS偏差幅度与Grapes和SCMOC持平。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.