基于频率匹配和融合法的多种网格降水预报产品订正

为进一步提高陕西省精细化网格降水预报能力,利用EC细网格（下简称EC）、Grapes_Meso 3 km（下简称Grapes）和SCMOC（中国气象局下发指导产品）降水预报产品,采用卡尔曼滤波、频率匹配和融合方法,研发了一套降水预报新产品。结果表明：频率匹配可明显提高各降水预报产品晴雨预报质量,但对强降水预报改善效果不稳定,融合方法可解决该问题;较订正前的EC、Grapes和SCMOC降水预报产品,新产品24 h晴雨预报准确率分别提高了1506%、868%和150%,强降水预报TS评分分别提高了4261%、7600%和127%,强降水预报TS评分的提高是以增加空报率为代价的;新产品3 h晴雨预报准确率较订正前EC、Grapes、SCMOC分别提高了1028%、407%和054%,强降水预报TS评分较订正前EC、SCMOC分别提高了5444%和965%,与Grapes基本持平,强降水预报BIAS偏差幅度较订正前EC、SCMOC分别降低了5665%和5188%;新产品1 h晴雨预报准确率较Grapes和SCMOC分别提高了229%和210%,强降水预报TS评分和强降水预报BIAS偏差幅度与Grapes和SCMOC持平。     

多模式降水资料在贵州的检验分析

本文检验了2020年3月至2021年2月ECMWF和GRAPES以及中央台格点产品（以下简称SCMOC）和省台格点产品（以下简称SPCC）4家降水预报产品逐24h未来5天在贵州的预报质量,结论如下：（1）ECMWF和SCMOC与实况的相关系数最高,SCMOC和SPCC预报降水的变化幅度较观测偏大,而GRAPES预报降水的变化幅度较观测则是明显偏小。（2）SCMOC的晴雨准确率最高,除在72h预报时效SPCC的准确率略高于SCMOC外,其余预报时效SPCC准确率均低于SCMOC,表明SPCC的订正能力需要进一步提升。（3）在小雨量级,4种降水预报产品的TS评分相差不大,ECMWF和GRAPES的ETS评分明显低于SCMOC和SPCC,其中GRAPES的TS评分在5个预报时效内均高于ECMWF。在中雨量级,前3个预报时效内ECMWF的TS和ETS评分均高于其他三家,ECMWF在5个预报时效内预报有降水的次数大于实况出现的降水次数,但空报次数并不是最多的,在后2个预报时效内,SCMOC的TS和ETS评分均是最高的,但与其他家相差不大。在大雨量级,24h和96h预报时效ECMWF的TS和ETS评分均是最高的,而在48h、72h、120h预报时效SCMOC的TS和ETS评分是最高的。在暴雨及以上量级,前3个时效内SPCC 的TS和ETS评分均是最高,且48h的TS评分空间分布也是最优的,表明SPCC对暴雨及以上量级在前3个预报时效内订正能力较好。     

频率匹配技术在暴雨预报中的应用及改进分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心和美国国家环境预报中心2017年5—8月逐日降水预报资料及同时段MICAPS降水观测资料,采用频率匹配技术对江淮流域夏季降水预报进行模式偏差订正及改进技术探讨。结果表明:(1)模式对小雨预报偏多,存在大量空报;对大雨及以上降水预报偏少,存在较大漏报。(2)偏差订正通过下调小量级降水、上调大量级降水,使各量级降水的强度和面积偏差均得到一定程度改善,降水量级两端订正效果明显,订正后小雨和暴雨准确率显著提升。(3)偏差订正对暴雨落区预报的改进效果与过程相关,个例分析表明:对于雨带位置预报较准确的大范围梅雨锋暴雨,偏差订正后暴雨TS评分明显提升;对于副高边缘的小范围暴雨以及雨带位置预报失误的梅雨锋暴雨或台风暴雨,偏差订正后暴雨TS评分改善不明显甚至降低。(4)针对上述问题,提出了系数动态调整和模式集成的改进思路,即对于平均雨量5 mm以下的小范围暴雨,适当上调订正系数;平均雨量在15 mm以上的大范围暴雨,适当下调订正系数。模式集成订正可有效提高暴雨TS评分。     

基于频率匹配法和最优TS评分法的降水预报订正效果对比

利用2020年1月1日—2023年1月2日ECMWF、NCEP模式降水预报资料和眉山地区降水观测资料,采用频率匹配法（Frequency Matching Method,FM）、最优TS评分法（Optimal Threat Score,OTS）对ECMWF和NCEP的模式降水预报进行订正,对比检验评分和预报个例,并验证两种方法的适用性。结果表明：FM、OTS订正明显改善了小雨空报和暴雨漏报,提高了晴雨预报准确率、小雨ETS评分、暴雨TS评分,且OTS优于FM;FM可能出现参考数据与实况数据有较大偏差的情况,从而影响订正效果,OTS则不受参考数据的影响;数值模式降水的预报偏度明显大于1或小于1时,FM、OTS订正效果越好;FM、OTS难以订正小雨漏报、暴雨空报,也难以对降水差值较大的空漏报或降水落区偏差进行订正。     

基于频率匹配法的SWC-WARMS模式降水订正试验

基于西南区域数值预报模式（SWC-WARMS）2019年5~8月00时起报的24h累计降水预报资料和四川省气象站点降水观测资料,采用频率匹配法对6月1日~8月31日降水预报值进行了偏差订正。结果表明:模式预报的24h累计降水量总体为湿偏差;订正后降水量平均绝对误差减小;大雨和暴雨的偏差评分提高;小雨、中雨、大雨的TS评分提高,暴雨TS评分降低;各量级的空报率均有所降低,小雨和中雨漏报率减小,大雨和暴雨漏报率增大,尤其是暴雨漏报率显著增加;当模式对暴雨降水落区预报较好（差）时,频率匹配订正能提高（降低）TS评分。      

基于ECMWF模式的定量降水客观订正方法

基于ECMWF高分辨率数值模式物理量诊断产品,利用逻辑回归法开展江西定量降水客观预报试验,并进行检验和改进。结果表明:(1)初始方案中直接提取预报因子单站建模所得到的预报结果较数值模式原始输出降水改进效果有限,但在经过降水分区优化、多倍数暴雨样本扩充、本地气候频率降水订正等改进步骤后,各等级降水预报均较初始方案TS有不同程度的提高。(2)2018年降水试验结果表明,改进方案的晴雨、各等级降水预报TS均高于EC模式降水和预报员,其中大雨、暴雨以上量级相对数值模式以及预报员的订正提高率达到1/4～1倍。(3)本方案预报产品对强天气尺度强迫下、落区相对集中的暴雨天气有较好的识别能力;而在暖区暴雨、盛夏副热带高压边缘暴雨、高架对流等强降水落区分散且范围较小的情况下,或是当模式对天气形势、主雨带预报有明显系统性偏差时,无法有明显改进。     

2021年攀西地区精细化预报与数值模式小时降水检验

基于精细化预报（GDDZ）和CMA-MESO、西南区域模式（SWC）两家高分辨率模式的小时降水预报,从TS（Threat Score）评分、小时降水频次、小时降水强度、峰值时间等方面,对2021年汛期攀西地区16次降水过程进行小时尺度的检验。结果表明:（1）从逐时降水来看,在晴雨（0.1 mm）TS评分中,GDDZ在00~11时表现较优,CMA-MESO模式在12~23时表现较优;在大雨（7 mm）和暴雨（15 mm）TS评分中,CMA-MESO模式表现较优。（2）从小时降水频次来看,SWC模式预报的降水发生频次空间分布与实况更为接近;从小时降水强度来看,GDDZ预报的降水强度与实况更为接近。（3）从降水量峰值时间来看,GDDZ与实况更为接近;从小时降水强度峰值和降雨频率峰值时间来看,CMA-MESO模式预报与实况更为接近。      

辽宁省夏季多模式降水预报检验及晴雨预报技术研究

利用辽宁省291个国家气象观测站的降水资料,对2019年夏季（6-9月）8种模式降水预报及中央气象台格点降水预报进行了检验评估和比较,并采用消空方法进行晴雨预报技术研究。结果表明：2019年,EC模式具有最优的暴雨预报性能,而日本模式暴雨TS评分最高;中尺度模式对于局地性暴雨和短时强降水具有较好的预报潜力,性能较好的是GRAPES_MESO模式和睿图东北3 km模式;全球模式对24 h暴雨的预报频率比实况偏低30%,3 h强降水则偏低60%,中尺度模式对24 h暴雨的预报频率比实况偏高30%,3 h强降水则偏低20%。由于对小量级降水存在较多空报,各模式原始预报的晴雨预报大多呈现空报偏多的情况;使用小量级降水剔除的消空策略能够明显提高晴雨准确率,消空之后EC模式具有最优的晴雨预报性能。分别使用24 h和3 h累计降水量优化消空策略,发现分别取1.0 mm和0.8 mm的阈值进行消空可以使24 h晴雨准确率提高15.58%,3 h晴雨准确率提高10%-30%。     

统计降尺度方法在天津小时降水和气温精细化预报中的应用

基于ECWMF模式预报数据对2018年3—11月降水和2 m温度进行统计降尺度,利用先频率匹配法、再阈值法对插值后的降水订正,利用Kalman滤波型的递减平均统计降尺度法对插值后的温度订正,最终获得逐小时降水量和温度的预报。结果表明:(1)对于晴雨预报准确率,绝大多数预报时效频率匹配法和阈值法均对其有明显提高,前者最大改进幅度可达20%以上。对于相对误差,阈值法对空报现象有较显著改进。对于1 h降雨量大于等于20 mm的短时强降水,频率匹配法订正后的TS评分有明显提高。对2018年"安比"台风事件,除具有以上改进效果外,频率匹配法提高了降水主体形态和量级的预报水平,阈值法对空报站订正正确。(2)对于温度的ECWMF模式预报检验,几乎在任何预报时效内都是3月的绝对误差最大。通过Kalman滤波型的递减平均统计降尺度法后,各月的绝对误差都有不同程度减小。总体上,订正后的绝对误差曲线仍具有订正前的周期性波动,波峰、波谷位置也与订正前基本一致,且绝对误差越大,订正幅度越大。个例分析也表明订正后保留了温度预报空间分布的准确性,且绝对误差有明显下降。     

四种定量降水预报客观订正方法对比研究

基于2019年全年、不同季节、不同预报时效的欧洲中期天气预报中心模式的定量降水预报,检验评估了频率匹配、最优TS评分、最优百分位、概率匹配4种定量降水预报客观订正法的综合性能。利用理想模型研究了不同雨带位移偏差和干湿偏差情形下频率匹配法与最优TS评分的表现,并通过个例订正展示了4种定量降水预报订正法的基本特征。结果表明:频率匹配与最优TS评分仅能对确定性预报的降水量级进行调整,最优百分位和概率匹配法通过引入集合预报信息可在一定程度上改变预报的降水落区。频率匹配法以频率偏差最优为目标,可以很好地消除模式的干湿偏差,但仅在位移偏差较小且存在较大干湿偏差时提升原始预报的TS评分。最优TS评分法难以改进存在弱湿偏差的中雨预报的TS评分,而最优百分位法利用集合预报信息可以显著提升所有降水等级的TS评分,在较长预报时效下优势尤其明显,但也存在春、夏两季湿偏差较大的问题。概率匹配法由于没有使用历史实况信息,在暴雨订正中干偏差较大。经济价值模型检验评估表明,最优百分位法在暴雨量级的风险决策中具有较高的参考价值。      

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.