中国北方沙尘暴频数演化及其气候成因分析

利用地面气象观测资料 ,分析了中国北方 195 4～ 2 0 0 1年年、季沙尘暴发生日数的演变规律及其与风速、相对湿度、降水、气温和干燥度的相关关系。结果表明 ,中国北方沙尘暴发生日数在 195 4～ 2 0 0 1年呈波动下降的趋势 ,春季下降趋势最明显。沙尘源区的气候要素对北方沙尘暴发生日数具有比较明显的影响 ,其中风是影响较大的因子。平均风速和大风频率增加 (减少 )均有 (不 )利于沙尘暴天气的形成。气温与沙尘暴日数呈显著的反相关关系 ,反映了北方温度升高可能通过大气环流间接地抑制了沙尘暴的发生。降水增加对沙尘暴发生也有一定抑制作用 ,尤其春季和前冬沙尘源区降水多寡对沙尘暴的发生有着重要的影响。北方沙尘暴频数与沙尘源区的相对湿度或干燥指数也存在较明显的相关关系。在过去的近 5 0a内 ,造成中国北方沙尘暴频率显著下降趋势的直接自然原因是 :沙尘源区和发生区平均风速和大风日数的减少、主要沙尘源区降水量特别是春季和前冬降水量的增加、以及由于源区降水增加引起的大气和土壤湿润程度的改善。     

ENSO与我国东部夏季雨型异常关系的年代际变化

利用1951—2002年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、CPC(气候预测中心)Nino3区海表温度序列和NOAA的ERSST资料,研究了ENSO与我国东部夏季雨型的相互关系及其年代际变化.结果表明:我国东部夏季雨型对ENSO事件的响应在1978年有一个明显的突变,在突变前,降水雨型与赤道东太平洋的海温为弱的负相关,而在突变后转为显著的正相关;滑动相关结果显示,近20a是整个研究时段中二者相关性最强的时期;东亚夏季风和ENSO的相互关系在1978年也经历了一次明显的年代际变化,由弱的正相关转为显著的负相关.这可能是引起ENSO和夏季雨型异常关系年代际变化的原因.     

东太平洋暖池及经向风异常在ENSO事件发生、发展过程中的作用

利用1982～1999期间LDEO海表温度资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析风场资料,分析东太平洋暖池及经向风异常与ENSO事件的可能关系。结果表明,东太平洋暖池气候平均海表温度存在明显的季节变化特征,且与El Niño事件春季发生、夏季发展、秋季达到成熟及冬季衰亡的成长过程非常相似。经向风异常及其散度与ENSO事件密切相关。综合考虑,提出了东太平洋暖池及经向风异常（北风距平及经向风距平散度辐合）对ENSO事件发生、发展作用的概念模型:北风距平爆发通过产生北风吹洋流的作用,将东太平洋暖池暖水由北向南输送至赤道附近,从而有利于Ni?o3区海表温度上升;几乎与此同时,东太平洋暖池赤道上经向风距平散度辐合不仅能导致暖水在赤道附近堆积,而且辐合的风场对赤道附近的冷上升流有抑制作用,从而有利于Niño3区海表温度的增加,上述增温因素的叠加作用有（不）利于El Niño（La Niña）事件的发生、发展。进一步分析表明,东太平洋暖池及经向风异常仅对El Niño（La Niña）事件发生、发展起促进（抑制）作用而不起决定作用。将东太平洋暖池、经向风异常与西太平洋暖池、西风距平结合起来一并考虑,完善了El Niño事件发生、发展机制。最后,初步分析1980、1990年代El Niño事件特性差异的可能原因。     

海温与中国黔东南季降水的相关分析

采用相关分析法分析了1960—2006年黔东南各季降水与海表温度SST的关系。结果表明:不同区域SST与不同季节降水的相关时间、相关程度有较大差异。印度洋B区和NINO W区SST对中国黔东南地区降水影响显著的月份较多,中、东太平洋SST与秋、冬季降水影响显著。春、冬季降水与印度洋B区和NINO W区SST相关最为显著;夏季降水与黑潮A区SST相关最为显著;秋季降水与中、东太平洋的NINO 3.4区和NINO综合区SST相关最显著。ENSO暖事件与发生年冬季和结束年秋、冬季以及结束年的翌年春、夏季降水关系较为密切,ENSO冷事件与发生年的冬季和结束年的秋季降水关系较为密切。     

华东地区降水时频变化特征与ENSO关系

利用Morlet小波变换方法分析了近56a来华东地区降水、气温变化以及ENSO的变化,结果表明,华东地区的降水、温度、海温(ΔSST)以及南方涛动指数(ΔSOI)的月距平序列中都存在多时间层次结构,并且各时间尺度周期分量的强度是不同的。同时又采用交叉小波变换方法,分别分析研究了ΔR、ΔT与ΔSST、ΔSOI相关关系,发现华东地区降水与ENSO在准2～4a周期变化上呈正相关关系,在年代际和8a以上年际间呈正负有规律交替且以正相关为主,而气温与ENSO存在多时间尺度特征。     

ENSO与中国东部地区8月降水年际关系的年代际变化特征及其机理探析

本文首先对ENSO与中国东部地区夏季逐月(6～8月)降水的年际关系进行了分析,结果表明NINO3区夏季海温与东部地区8月降水在整个年代尺度上改变显著,1974年以前的年际相关关系比1974年后显著,且1974年前后发生了年际相关型的改变.其次,1974年以前和1974年以后环流形势发生了明显变化.     

中国春季沙尘暴年代际变化和季节预测

利用1954～2007年中国258个台站观测的月沙尘暴日数资料,北半球地表温度和美国NCAR/NCEP大气再分析资料,研究了中国春季沙尘暴日数年代际变化特征及其影响因子。研究发现:中国春季沙尘暴日数与贝加尔湖地表变暖存在显著的负相关,相关系数达到-0.8,该地区的地表温度变暖导致蒙古气旋活动和我国沙尘暴频率降低。利用该地区冬季对流层850 hPa温度与春季地表温度指数之间显著正相关关系,建立了冬季850 hPa温度指数预测中国春季沙尘暴频率的线性预报方程。通过22年回报检验发现,统计预报结果与多数台站观测的沙尘暴发生频率存在显著的正相关,最大相关系数达到+0.4。其中,近22年的预报场与观测之间空间相关系数平均达到+0.4以上,均方根误差在1～2之间,表明该统计预报模型具有一定的业务应用价值。     

1980—2016年西太平洋暖池与ENSO循环过程的相关分析

利用1980—2016年海表温度(SST)、海平面气压场（SLP）、南方涛动指数（SOI）、平均海洋尼诺指数（ONI）等资料对近37 a发生的ENSO（El Nio-Southern Oscillation）事件进行统计分析,并用经验正交函数分析法以及小波分析方法研究西太平洋暖池与ENSO循环过程之间的作用机制。研究表明：近37 a来,Nino3.4区的SST在厄尔尼诺（El Nio）现象发生时存在较大的正距平,采用Nino3.4区SSTA的大幅度突变作为指标,能够更好地反映El Nio事件的发生;El Nio事件合成分析可知其形成过程中,西太平洋有一逐渐增强东移的暖中心;西太暖池东边界变化具有明显的年际变化特征,平均3～4 a经历一次循环,并出现变化周期延长的现象;海表温度的EOF能很好地预示ENSO的发生;通过小波分析可以看出暖池东边界对ENSO的发生有较好的预报意义。     

ENSO与北半球冬季大气环流异常的年代际关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和CPC(气候预测中心)Nino3-4区海表温度序列,研究了1950/1951-2002/2003年冬季ENSO事件与北半球大气环流的相互关系及其年代际变化.结果表明:北半球大气环流对ENSO事件的响应在1978/1979年有一个明显的跃变.跃变后,低纬中高层大气环流对ENSO事件的响应明显减弱,其中东南亚的减弱最为明显,而低层大气环流对ENSO事件的响应则有所增强;东半球中高纬大气环流异常与ENSO事件关系明显减弱;西半球中高纬大气环流与ENSO事件的关系加强.     

北极涛动与我国北方强沙尘暴的关系

使用1954—2003年北极涛动指数、500hPa纬向环流指数和沙尘暴等气候观测资料,针对我国北方春季沙尘暴年际和年代际变化趋势,分析了以北极涛动为代表的大气环流异常变化的气候特征,揭示了其与我国春季沙尘暴相关的事实。结果表明：近50年北极涛动指数表现出由负位相向正位相转变的趋势,当冬季(12月～2月)北极涛动为负位相时,相应的纬向环流指数为负距平,中高纬度西风气流偏弱,有利于极地冷空气向南输送,西伯利亚高压偏强,我国北方春季易多发区域性沙尘暴;反之则不易发生区域性沙尘暴。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on