一次弓状降雹回波区流场的反演

通过对一次典型弓状降雹回波区的流场进行反演及特点分析,发现用矩不变量法反演出的回波区流场结构,与藤田关于弓状回波的概念模式非常吻合,利用该方法估测出的流场、散度场、涡度场所表现出的信息,与降雹实况是一致的。该研究可为中小尺度强天气的监测,提供高时空分辨率的流场资料。     

一次超级单体风暴的雷达回波特征分析

利用兰州CINRAD／CC雷达对2008年7月18日甘肃省定西市境内的降雹过程连续观测,对探测到的资料进行分析,总结出此次降雹过程的反射率因子、径向速度、RCS垂直剖面、垂直累积液态含水量等产品的主要特征,初步探讨了使用多普勒雷达监测冰雹的方法,找出了超级单体风暴呈现出的钩状弓状回波、有界弱回波区、回波墙、悬挂回波、明显的人流缺口、存在中气旋等典型的回波特征,归纳出VIL剧烈变化、ET与冰雹过程的一致对应关系、明显的三体散射特征等一些对冰雹的临近预报有指导意义的信息,为使用天气雷达探测此类灾害性天气提供了参考。     

一次超级单体雹暴观测分析和成雹区识别研究

利用多普勒雷达资料,结合探空和常规资料,对2011 年4 月17 日一次超级单体雹暴的流场和回波结构演变特征进行了详细研究,主要结果:该雹暴是在条件性不稳定和垂直风切变较大的环境条件下产生的右移风暴。雹云初生发展阶段,垂直剖面显示逐渐形成有组织化的斜上升气流促进雹云发展。成熟降雹阶段,雹云内形成一支强的斜上升气流和深厚的中气旋,主上升气流对应雹云的弱回波区。雹云维持典型的弱回波区—悬挂回波—回波墙特征结构。根据雷达径向速度和雹云移速订正得出的“零线”演变发现,随着雹云的发展,“零线”逐渐向悬挂回波靠近,并穿过悬挂回波,“零线”的走向为上翘式,附近“穴道”的汇集力较强,有利于降雹。通过对“零线”位置的判断可分析有利成雹的区域。根据高低空两层强回波的水平错位,利用两高度强中心连线所作剖面能快速准确得出特征剖面,并将0℃ 层以上6 km 高度处降雹潜势达到100%的45 dBZ 的区域识别为成雹区,与降雹实况对比发现识别效果良好。     

一次强对流风暴的雷达回波产品分析

利用济南新一代天气雷达产品R19（反射率因子图）、V27（径向速度）、VIL57（垂直积分液态含水量）等,对2005年7月12日的强对流天气进行分析。强对流风暴发展初期为两快强烈发展的回波,造成了高唐县等地的大风、冰雹灾害;之后发展为弓状回波,弓状回波移动过程中造成大风灾害;弓状回波快速移动中与孤立回波的合并再次造成沂源县境内的大风和冰雹灾害。新一代天气雷达垂直积分液态含水量产品对降雹预警预报有很好的指示意义。     

雹云的3参数概率判别法

根据山东省雷达回波资料,天气和灾情实况,统计了回波顶高Ｈｍ强回波区顶高Ｈｚ回波强度Ｚ与降雹概率的关系,给出单,双参数判别雹云的指标,提出用３参数降雹条件概率法判别雹云,指出了３参数识别指标对降雹的预示作用,这对强对流天气的短期预报具有一定的实用价值。     

山东省带状降雹回波系统的特征分析

通过对1986—1992年期间(6—8月)69次带状雷达回波降雹过程进行综合分析,总结出带状降雹回波演变特征。重点研究了降雹云雷达回波的移动和传播,指出其降雹特点,并分析中尺度流场对带状回波发生、发展及传播的影响。这些结果对提高山东省带状回波降雹的短时预报有重要参考价值。     

一次强雹云结构的双多普勒雷达观测分析

利用石家庄SA多普勒天气雷达和饶阳X波段双偏振雷达探测资料，结合常规综合观测资料，对2018年6月13日下午发生于太行山东麓的雹云的天气背景、降雹特征、雷达回波演变特征及回波三维立体结构进行了综合分析，重点利用双多普勒雷达径向速度资料反演出格点的三维风速（流场），并结合回波特征分析了雹云云体结构。结果显示，高空强劲的偏北风急流促使涡后横槽转竖，槽后冷空气沿偏北气流南下，形成上干冷、下暖湿的不稳定层结，在低空低涡附近及地面辐合线上发展造成这次风雹天气；双多普勒雷达反演风场表明，雹云的中层强回波中心呈明显的“S”形水平流场和悬挂回波配置特征，构成了具有成雹的“0线”结构；不仅佐证了雹云降雹“0线”结构的存在，而且证明其呈现形式具有多样性。      

滇中地区冰雹的多普勒天气雷达及闪电活动特征分析

利用雷达数据和云南省闪电定位系统数据,对滇中地区2006~2011年6次典型降雹过程中的雷达回波和闪电特征进行综合分析,结果表明:滇中冰雹回波的基本反射率因子具有典型的冰雹回波特征,如弓形回波、三体散射、旁瓣回波、有界(无界)弱回波区、"V"型槽口以及钩状回波等。地面降雹区基本出现在雹暴反射率因子强度梯度较大的区域,也就是负地闪密集活跃区或者临近区域。闪电密集区的移动可作为预测冰雹回波移动路径的一个指标。降雹时段是负地闪的活跃期,正地闪出现频率极少,这与我国北方地区冰雹出现时高正地闪频数特征存在明显不同。负地闪每5 min频数峰值的出现时间略超前地面降雹时间5~12 min,可作为滇中出现冰雹的一个参考指标。闪电频数的时空分布和变化特征,对于滇中地区冰雹天气的监测、I临近预警以及防雹作业指挥有一定的参考作用。     

襄阳一次强雷暴过程的雷达回波与地闪特征分析

利用湖北省闪电定位仪、新一代天气雷达资料并结合常规气象观测等资料,对2011年7月24日下午出现在湖北襄阳的一次强雷暴天气过程进行了分析。该过程的两个强风暴分别产生了冰雹和雷雨大风（后期强降水）,重点分析了两个强风暴系统生命期雷达回波和闪电（地闪）特征。结果表明：产生冰雹的强风暴是一个孤立的超级单体,降雹发生在超级单体成熟阶段;产生雷雨大风和强降水的强风暴是一个弓状回波,雷雨大风发生在弓状回波顶部,强降水回波成片状且移速较慢;两个风暴的地闪演变特征及闪电在风暴生命史各阶段分布的位置不同。     

冰雹云提前识别技术研究

利用雷达强回波45dBz高度和降雹日08时月平均0oC层高度,对1991—2003年宝鸡雷达站观测的165d 231块对流云数值拟合,得出识别冰雹云的指标:处于发展中的对流云,雷达强回波45dBz高度大于或等于多年降雹日08时0oC层月平均值2.9km,将有冰雹酝酿形成。对降雹造成灾害的雷达回波分析表明:雷达强回波45dBz平均底部越高提前识别时间越长,顶部越高距离降雹时间越短,冰雹云可能是45dBz初始回波位于云体中部并向上、向下扩展发展而成。该方法对单体降雹平均提前识别12min,对超级单体平均提前识别18min;对多单体冰雹云平均提前预警18min,对飑线中的超级单体平均提前预警25min。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Our Warmest Thanks to AAS Reviewers 2014

正The editorial office of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS),on behalf of all AAS editors,would like to publicly acknowledge the people listed below who served as reviewers for the journal daring 1 September 2013 to 24 August 2014.We recognize that the time and work of the reviewers is the most important resource in academic publishing.The quality of our journal depends in a crucial way upon the reviewing process and therefore all reviewers'time and efforts taken to sustain the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.     

Data selection using support vector regression

Geophysical data sets are growing at an ever-increasing rate, requiring computationally efficient data selection(thinning)methods to preserve essential information. Satellites, such as Wind Sat, provide large data sets for assessing the accuracy and computational efficiency of data selection techniques. A new data thinning technique, based on support vector regression(SVR), is developed and tested. To manage large on-line satellite data streams, observations from Wind Sat are formed into subsets by Voronoi tessellation and then each is thinned by SVR(TSVR). Three experiments are performed. The first confirms the viability of TSVR for a relatively small sample, comparing it to several commonly used data thinning methods(random selection, averaging and Barnes filtering), producing a 10% thinning rate(90% data reduction), low mean absolute errors(MAE) and large correlations with the original data. A second experiment, using a larger dataset, shows TSVR retrievals with MAE < 1 m s-1and correlations 0.98. TSVR was an order of magnitude faster than the commonly used thinning methods. A third experiment applies a two-stage pipeline to TSVR, to accommodate online data. The pipeline subsets reconstruct the wind field with the same accuracy as the second experiment, is an order of magnitude faster than the nonpipeline TSVR. Therefore, pipeline TSVR is two orders of magnitude faster than commonly used thinning methods that ingest the entire data set. This study demonstrates that TSVR pipeline thinning is an accurate and computationally efficient alternative to commonly used data selection techniques.