中亚低涡背景下中天山地区一次短时强降水过程中尺度特征

利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动气象站观测资料及卫星、多普勒天气雷达、风廓线等非常规探测资料和美国气象环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)逐日4次的1°×1°再分析资料,对2015年6月27—28日中天山地区一次短时强降水过程的中尺度对流条件和对流系统特征进行分析。结果表明:此次中天山地区强降水天气过程是中亚低涡前部的东北—西南向气旋式切变和深厚的西南暖湿气流共同作用引发的,低层切变和气旋式辐合的动力抬升、地面中尺度辐合线是此次强对流天气的直接触发因子。里海和咸海南侧的水汽沿着中亚低涡底部的偏西气流和前部的西南气流输送至强降水区,为此次短时强降水过程提供了充沛的水汽条件。大气可降水量的跃变和风廓线产品的垂直变化特征与短时强降水的开始、加强及减弱具有较好的对应关系;红外云图反映了中天山地区短时强降水发生在对流云团云顶亮温(Temperature of Black Body,TBB)梯度最大处;短时强降水由低质心和高效率的降水回波造成的,降水强度与回波顶高度存在较好的正相关关系。     

一次山东特大暴雨干侵入的作用

以2009年7月17—18日一次山东特大暴雨为研究对象,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、FY-2C卫星水汽资料及常规气象观测资料,通过数字化卫星水汽图像与大气动力场相结合的方式,揭示干侵入在本次暴雨过程中的特征及其对暴雨发生、发展的作用机制。结果表明,此次强降水过程是在高空槽和低层低涡切变的有利形势下产生的。暴雨过程与干侵入密切相关,干侵入在对流层中高层随高度向东倾斜,强降水出现在干侵入前沿湿度梯度最大值处的湿区一侧。卫星水汽图像干侵入暗区与对应着350hPa位涡高值区、干冷区。与干侵入相伴随的高位涡下传,使低层气旋性涡度加强,气旋发展。高层干冷空气下传有利于干层的形成和维持,干层的存在加强了暴雨过程的对流不稳定,对暴雨的加强和发展起重要作用。     

基于葵花8号卫星资料的沈阳两次暴雨过程中对流云特征对比分析

应用葵花8号卫星资料,结合NCEP FNL再分析、GNSS遥感水汽、风廓线雷达、全国智能网格实况融合分析资料,对2017年7月14日和2018年8月7日沈阳两次暴雨过程(分别简称过程Ⅰ和过程Ⅱ)中对流云特征进行了比较分析,重点探讨了对流云的触发维持机制与影响降水特征差异的因素。结果表明:(1)两次过程分别为局地突发暴雨和区域性极端暴雨,沈阳市区暴雨均由两个对流云团引发,对流云团合并使得降水持续。过程Ⅱ云团合并发生在其移动方向的后侧,具有后向传播特征,合并云团沿其长轴方向移动影响沈阳市,使降水时间延长。(2)在降水前至降水初期,过程Ⅰ对流云顶和水汽层顶快速上升且云顶迅速超过水汽层顶,而过程Ⅱ亮温下降缓慢。短时强降水发生前红外和水汽亮温同步快速降至-60℃,可作为提前预判对流云团产生短时强降水的参考指标。10 min雨量大于10 mm的对流云云顶集中分布在红外亮温低于-55℃、亮温差为-5~0℃的范围。(3)两次过程中,沈阳市分别位于东北冷涡后部和副热带高压北缘。过程Ⅰ,探空曲线呈“X”型,CAPE高达2584 J·kg^-1,造成对流云深厚,云底以下干层导致雨滴蒸发,使降水强度减弱,该过程高强度降水仅发生在对流云团合并加强阶段。过程Ⅱ,云底到地面湿层明显,保证了雨滴降至地面,产生相同量级降水的云团的TBB比过程Ⅰ高。(4)强降水发生前,地面风场存在明显辐合,当大气可降水量2 h内跃增8 mm时,站点出现强降水;局地水汽跃增可能是低空西南气流偏南分量增大或偏北冷空气侵入到暖湿空气中所致。     

长生命史冷涡背景下内蒙古地区强对流天气分析

利用常规观测资料、卫星云图、探空资料及2.5°×2.5°的NCEP再分析资料,对2012年6月8-18日一次西折型冷涡影响天气过程的原因进行了分析,并在暴雨时段(13-14日)对比分析了内蒙古东北部和东南部地区强对流形成的原因。结果表明,来自西西伯利亚脊前的冷空气及正涡度不断向冷涡后部补充,使冷涡中心向西移动,而冷涡路径西折是这次冷涡过程持续时间长、影响范围广、连续多日产生强对流天气的最主要原因;内蒙古东部地区均处于高位温区和高位温梯度区,在强对流影响区域上,内蒙古东北部强降水是由两个中小尺度对流云团的强烈发展与合并造成,最强降水出现在亮温(亮温梯度)迅速减小(增大)时,地形造成的迎风坡上升运动和水汽在垂直方向辐合,为局地暴雨提供重要动力条件和水汽条件;内蒙古东南部强降水则是由上游多个对流云团合并,形成的水汽输送带直抵内蒙古东南部影响所致,低空急流、低空切变等次天气尺度系统触发作用更为显著,具有中高层干侵入,强降水出现在次级环流的上升支。     

一次极端短时强降水过程中FY-3微波湿度计观测特征分析

利用FY-3微波湿度计资料和常规观测资料,对2016年贵州至湖北一次强降水事件中极端短时强降水站点、一般性短时强降水站点上空对流云的微波观测特征进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)极端短时强降水站点上空150 GHz附近窗区探测通道亮温低于一般性短时降水站点。(2)极端短时强降水站点上空水汽通道亮温垂直分布呈现漏斗状,对干侵入有一定指示作用,亮温最低值出现在183.31±7 GHz附近,主要为暖云降水;一般性短时强降水站点上空水汽通道亮温垂直分布则呈竖条形,亮温最低值出现在183.31±3 GHz和183.31±7 GHz探测通道附近,为冷云暖云混合降水。(3)极端短时强降水站点上空未出现冲顶对流,但低层对流发展旺盛;一般性短时强降水站点上空出现冲顶对流,但低层对流发展强度偏弱。     

副高边缘西安地区一次短时暴雨分析

应用常规观测资料、卫星资料、西安雷达资料和NCEP 1°×1°逐6h再分析资料对2016年7月24日发生在西安的一次暴雨天气过程的特征和成因进行分析。结果表明:此次暴雨过程是在东移短波槽、副热带高压和低层切变共同作用下产生;强降水与对流云团活动密切相关,造成西安地区短时暴雨的β中尺度对流云团具有初生强度大、发生发展迅速等特点;暴雨区水汽通量辐合高值区的形成为暴雨的发生提供了有利的水汽聚积条件;暴雨发生前暴雨区低层暖湿条件增强;暴雨发生前和发生时大气层结维持对流不稳定状态;切变东侧上升气流发展,触发不稳定能量释放,为暴雨的发展提供了有利条件。     

黑龙江省一次局地强降水过程成因及预报难点分析

利用常规气象站观测资料和卫星云图资料,分析2015年8月8日发生在黑龙江省中西部地区一次局地对流性强降水量级预报偏小的原因。结果表明:中高层西南气流把干冷空气向黑龙江省中西部地区输送,并叠加在低层西南暖湿气流之上,热力抬升和低层切变辐合动力抬升共同作用,从而触发对流云团生成发展和局地短时强降水发生。强降水落区位于KI指数和高低空假相当位温差大值区叠加区域内;强降水发生在对流云团边缘云顶亮温梯度大值区以及TBB逐渐降低阶段。预报时只考虑低层暖湿气流偏弱,而忽略前期有持续性暖湿气流增温增湿使不稳定能量积蓄充足的特点,并且对500 hPa西南气流输送干冷空气这一罕见现象分析和认识不足,致使对黑龙江省中西部地区不稳定层结和短时强降水等强对流天气强度预报偏弱。     

干侵入对一次东北冷涡过程的作用分析

以2006年7月20~24日一次东北冷涡过程为研究对象,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、FY-2C卫星资料及常规气象观测资料,通过卫星水汽图像和大气动力场相结合的方法揭示东北冷涡过程中干侵入的特征及其对冷涡发生、发展的作用机制。结果表明,此次东北冷涡过程中干侵入特征明显,卫星水汽图像上的干侵入暗区与对流层高层的下沉运动、高值位涡、高空急流以及干冷区相对应;因干冷空气叠加在暖湿气流之上,在低层冷涡中心上空出现了对流不稳定层结,为冷涡的增强创造了有利的条件;同时,沿冷涡中心的经向垂直剖面中,高空急流入口区北侧产生的下沉运动对对流层高层低湿、高位涡的干冷空气起动力下传的作用;500 hPa绝对涡度的演变与同时刻水汽图像上干侵入区的走向、范围、强度变化相一致,由于干侵入使得冷涡中心绝对涡度增大,冷涡加强发展,因此干侵入是激发冷涡发生、发展的动力条件之一;而等熵面上各要素场的演变也能够反映出干侵入的活动特征及其对冷涡的作用。     

“0711”山西晋城极端强降水过程的宏微观特征分析

利用ERA5逐小时0.25°×0.25°再分析资料、地面自动监测站以及FY-4A卫星、多普勒雷达、激光雨滴谱仪等精细化监测资料,对2021年7月11日山西晋城极端强降水过程的宏微观特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）此次极端强降水是继1961年以来晋城7月降水出现的第二高极端降水;高空急流入口区右侧强辐散、低空急流出口区风速辐合、低涡暖式切变线附近强辐合是极端强降水的宏观动力条件;低空急流将水汽源源不断向极端强降水区输送,整层大气可降水量高达65 mm以上是极端强降水发生的宏观水汽条件;500 hPa高度槽超前700 hPa和850 hPa冷式切变线是此次极端强降水发生的宏观动力不稳定条件。（2）极端强降水落区位于500 hPa高度槽、 850 hPa和700 hPa暖切变线、地面干线所围成的不规则四边形区域,且与500 hPa T-Td≤4℃、 700 hPa T-Td≤3℃、 850 hPa T-Td≤2℃、 Ki指数≥38℃、 Si指数≤-1℃所控制的区域相重叠,在对流云团西南侧亮温梯度的大值区和云团西南部的低亮温区,即在地面干线和地面中尺度切变线0～30 km范围内极端降水量最大。（...     

低涡过程对流云和降水结构特征及其环境条件分析

利用遥感及加密观测资料详细分析了2005年6月25～26日一次低涡过程对流云和降水的结构特征,并利用NCEP再分析资料以及实况风场资料分析了其形成的有利条件。分析表明：此次低涡过程中出现的中尺度对流云团（MCC）经历了十几小时的发展演变,云顶亮温低达-90℃,导致了局地暴雨出现,对流云和降水的分布有很好的对应但同时具有显著的时空分布不均匀性。对流云内部高空存在冰晶的大值区,云水含量也比周围环境丰富,冰晶下落过程中通过碰粘其它冰晶、碰冻云水导致了云内的可降水增多,播撒-供应机制起主要作用。而对流降水的“双峰“廓线结构表明暖雨过程非常强。此次过程有形成强对流非常有利的环境：强西南低空急流水汽输送和水汽辐合与高空偏西风急流的相互作用为对流云团和强降水的形成提供水汽和不稳定条件;低层不稳定区域上强垂直上升运动则提供了不可缺少的动力条件;中尺度辐合系统的形成是此次强对流产生的直接原因。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on