基于GIS技术的江西省雷电灾害风险区划

利用2010—2019年江西省闪电定位监测数据、地理信息数据和社会经济数据,基于GIS技术、自然灾害风险评估方法和层次分析法等方法,从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体3个方面,开展雷电灾害风险区划的研究,并形成江西省雷电灾害风险区划。结果表明：江西省雷电灾害的极高风险区和高风险区主要分布在南昌市、宜春市、新余市、上饶市、吉安市大部分地区和赣州小部分地区,中风险区和低风险区主要分布在九江市、萍乡市和抚州市大部分地区,该区划结果与江西省近10 a雷灾造成的人员伤亡情况大致吻合。     

浙江省雷电灾害易损性分析及风险区划

根据 2007-2011 年浙江省雷电灾害事故调查资料、浙江省地闪监测资料,选取地闪密度、灾害频数、经济（GDP）损失模数、生命易损模数、雷灾经济损失、人员伤亡等作为浙江省各市雷电灾害易损性评估指标,对浙江省各市进行雷电灾害易损性综合评估,并结合 GIS 方法对浙江省进行了雷电灾害易损性风险区划,为有针对性做好防御雷电灾害规划提供科学依据.     

区域雷电灾害风险评估模型与应用

在分析国内雷电灾害风险区划发展现状进行的基础上,从区域雷电灾害事前风险评估的角度出发,采用灾害评估的承灾体、致灾体模式,引入雷电风险、地域风险和承灾体风险作为评估指标,针对每个指标选取与其发生紧密度较高的参数作为2级评价标准,对区域雷电灾害风险进行基于事前致灾因子的区域雷电灾害风险评估研究,并以福建省为例,应用该模型进行了计算。结果表明,基于承灾体、致灾体模式的区域雷电灾害风险评估模型能较好地反应出区域雷电灾害发生的损失程度,对于行政区域范围的雷电灾害风险度区域与政府决策支持具有积极的指导意义。     

基于GIS的徐水县干旱灾害风险区划

以河北省保定市徐水县干旱灾害为例,对其干旱灾害风险区划进行研究。利用GIS技术,建立气象数据库,集成基础地理数据、气象观测数据和人口经济等资料;选择适当指标,实现干旱灾害致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体脆弱性和防灾减灾能力栅格化的计算。通过建立干旱灾害风险评估模型,完成干旱灾害风险区划的绘制,并分析了徐水县干旱灾害风险区划的分布特点。结果表明,徐水县干旱灾害风险分布呈地区性差异,中部地区发生干旱灾害的风险较高,西南地区风险较低。     

层次分析法和GIS技术在河南省雷电灾害风险区划中的应用

根据自然灾害风险评估理论,利用闪电定位资料、地理信息数据、社会经济数据以及雷电灾情等数据,采用层次分析法（AHP法）,从致灾因子的危险性、承灾体的暴露度和承灾体的脆弱性方面,研究雷电灾害风险评估及区划方法,建立起评价指标与风险评估的定量关系,形成了河南省雷电灾害风险评估的方法.同时,结合GIS技术,形成了致灾因子危险性分布图、承灾体的暴露度分布图和承灾体的脆弱性分布图,最终叠加形成河南省雷电灾害综合风险区划图.区划结果表明：高风险区主要位于豫东和豫西北大部分地区,低风险区主要位于豫北和豫西南部分地区.     

桂林雷电灾害风险评估

用桂林市13个气象观测站点50年的雷暴观测资料,以及近13年的雷电灾害记录,分析桂林市雷电变化特征及分布规律,利用灾害风险评估方法,选择雷电日数作为致灾因子,气候背景和地形地貌作为孕灾环境,人口及经济发展情况作为承灾体,对桂林雷电灾害进行评估.结合GIS提供的地理信息,完成桂林市雷电灾害风险区划.研究结果:东北方雷电风险等级低,西南方风险等级高;近年来雷电日数有降低的趋势.     

基于GIS的云南省1km精细化暴雨灾害风险评估

为了加强暴雨相关的防灾减灾工作的科学性，本文基于云南省126个国家气象站2010—2019年10年的逐时降水资料和基础地理信息数据，从暴雨灾害致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性和承灾体易损性3个方面，建立暴雨灾害风险评估模型，利用熵值法、自然断点法、ArcGIS插值和栅格分析方法，实现云南省暴雨灾害风险的区划评估。结果显示:①暴雨灾害高风险区主要集中于云南南部，包括西双版纳州、普洱市、红河南部、德宏州及北部地区；②迪庆州、怒江州、丽江市北部等地暴雨灾害风险等级较低；③全省暴雨灾害高风险区、次高风险区面积占比分别为7.05%、25.22%，低风险区、次低风险区面积占比分别为10.32%、21.86%。使用2020年暴雨灾害次数、暴雨日对区划评估结果进行检验表明，区划评估结果具有科学合理性。     

基于ArcGIS的新疆雷电灾害风险区划研究

为了明确不同区县雷电灾害风险的高低程度、防御措施和减轻雷灾损失,利用地闪资料、雷电灾情数据、社会经济资料和地理信息数据,采取归一化法、层次分析法和加权综合评价法,考虑致灾因子的危险性、孕灾环境的敏感性和承灾体的易损性3个评价指标,选择地闪密度、地闪强度、海拔高度、地形起伏、地表覆盖类型、人口密度、地均GDP、生命损失指数、经济损失指数和耕地比重等10个影响因子建立雷电灾害区划模型,绘制出新疆雷电灾害风险区划图。结果表明:雷电灾害风险极高区主要集中在阿勒泰地区北部、塔城地区大部、博州、伊犁州、喀什市和天山北坡经济带南部部分地区,而古尔班通古特沙漠和塔克拉玛干沙漠地区属于一般风险区。通过与新疆历史雷电灾情数据比较发现,雷电灾情次数空间分布与风险区划分布趋势大致吻合。     

基于云模型—风险矩阵的华南台风灾害综合等级评估

文中从台风灾害的致灾危险性和承灾体脆弱性两方面选取评价指标,利用最小鉴别信息原理计算组合权重,采用模糊数学方法得到台风致灾危险性和承灾体脆弱性的评价指数。基于云模型和风险矩阵,构建一个新的台风灾害等级评估模型。以1984—2016年登陆华南的50个台风为例,对华南台风灾害风险进行综合等级评估,结果与实际相符。与基于云模型—权重分配、模糊数学的台风灾害综合风险等级评估模型的结果进行比较,发现基于云模型—风险矩阵的台风灾害综合等级评估模型,不仅利用了云模型的优点,充分考虑了台风灾害的模糊性和随机性,还利用风险矩阵合成了台风致灾危险性和承灾体脆弱性的评价结果,比单一的模糊数学模型更合理可靠,在一定程度上也比云模型—权重分配模型结果更符合实际。     

基于人口/GDP数据空间化的雷电灾害风险评价

为满足雷电灾害风险决策的精准化需求,突破人口、GDP等社会经济数据受行政区域的限制。本文基于多源遥感资料及统计年鉴数据,反演贵州省人口、GDP空间精细化分布情况,实现受灾对象在空间上的连续性分布;同时结合闪电定位监测资料、土壤电导率(HWSD)数据、地理信息数据,从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体3个方面选取评价因子,构建雷电灾害风险评价模型,实现精细化风险评价研究。结果表明:(1)通过融入坡度分布修正人居指数、土地利用数据和夜间灯光数据反演不同产业经济数据实现的人口、GDP数据空间化分布,在总体趋势和局部特征上与贵州省实际情况相符,可为雷电灾害及其他自然灾害风险评价中承灾体的精细化分布提供参考。(2)雷电灾害风险主要受致灾因子、承灾体的影响,与雷电活动频繁程度以及社会经济发展水平有关。贵州省高风险区域主要集中在六盘水、毕节东南部、黔西南东北部、安顺南部及北部、贵阳东南部,黔南西南及东北部、遵义西北部、铜仁中部及东南部等区域。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on