一次通信光缆雷击事故的原因分析及其防雷措施

2006年4月25日05时27分“京广铁路线”湖北孝昌县境内花园站至卫家店站之间的3条通信光缆意外中断。通过对此次光缆中断事故发生段地质土壤状况、当时天气状况、目击资料、光缆设备损坏情况及其雷击危害特征的综合分析,认为雷击是造成此次事故的根本原因。针对其事故原因,提出了选择安全的光缆敷设路径、避免诱导雷电、设法引雷入地等3条防雷整改措施。     

山区通信基站雷击电磁脉冲防护等级的确定

通过对百色山区通信基站年预计雷击次数、防雷装置拦截效率等一系列防雷参数的详细计算,按雷击风险评估确定通信基站的雷击电磁脉冲防护等级,为山区通信基站的防雷装置设计或监审、检测提供参考。     

通信基站接地系统建设中存在的问题及解决方法

本文针对通信基站所处地理位置、气候条件,依据行业标准、规范及国内一些防雷技术理论,主要讲述通信基站接地系统敷设问题,确保通信基站免遭雷击危害.     

通信台(站)雷电过电压分析及防护方式选择

根据内蒙古地区海拔较高、地理环境复杂、气候多变、雷电活动能量大、雷击事故率较高的特点，深入分析了雷电传播的主要渠道及两起典型事故，并且针对当前部队通信台(站)普遍存在防雷设施简陋单一、整体性差，有雷击隐患的问题，提出了具体防范措施。     

寻呼台基站的防雷与接地

本文着重论述了寻呼台基站系统防雷与接地的重要性。针对接地不当,雷击造成通信设备的损坏,从通信设备接地、交流电源接地、保护地、电话中继线防雷等方面介绍了接地方法与具体措施,可为我省各地市包揽部门寻呼台提供有价值的参考。     

计算机通讯网络的防雷保护

通过对计算朵通信网络系统遭受雷击损坏的民政部进行统计调查和现场勘测,以及对其相应电路模型的理论分析和参考有关模拟试验数据,分析了计算机通信网络系统遭受雷击损害的主要原历以及可能的侵入途径。重点阐述计算机通信网络系统的防雷保护方案,主要介绍计算机通信网络接口或通信设备的防雷装置及其安装要求以及通信网络线路和地线回路的布放方式,相应的屏蔽措施等。     

建筑物防雷参数若干计算

1建筑物年预计雷击次数的计算 根据《建筑物防雷设计规范》（下简称规范）第2章的相关条款，规定了建筑物的防雷分类外，同时规定了部分第二、三类防雷建筑物需通过建筑物年预计雷击次数的计算来确定；在工程设计和进行雷击风险评估时，建筑物年预计雷击次数的计算成为必不可少的一个环节。     

大冶市一家汽车加油站遭雷击的原因与弱电设备防雷

2005年6月10日凌晨，位于大冶市城北开发区的中国石油大冶分公司新冶加油站遭受雷击。使用雷击现场调查资料，对这一雷击事故的原因进行了分析，确定了其雷击源，指出了雷击路径，揭示了该站中控电脑系统及加油机电路板损坏的原因；最后，就该加油站弱电设备防雷提出五条整改意见。     

移动通信基站防雷整改的设计与施工

据吉林省移动公司统计,每年吉林省移动基站因雷击事件造成移动通信设备损坏和通信中断等造成的损失近千万元。我们对吉林、延边12个县市进行了基站防雷整改。本次防雷整改包括电源系统、空调系统加装SPD;对接地系统、中继传输系统及等电位做了综合改造;提高了通信基站防雷能力,为进一步做好通信基站防雷工作积累了一定经验。     

电信枢纽建筑整体防雷工程设计改造

以沈阳电信大楼为例，从气象防雷技术出发，针对近年由电信设备引起的雷击事故进行分析和勘查，并对大楼的外部和内部进行了综合防雷工程改造。     

Strategies to adapt to an uncertain climate change

Many decisions concerning long-lived investments already need to take into account climate change. But doing so is not easy for at least two reasons. First, due to the rate of climate change, new infrastructure will have to be able to cope with a large range of changing climate conditions, which will make design more difficult and construction more expensive. Second, uncertainty in future climate makes it impossible to directly use the output of a single climate model as an input for infrastructure design, and there are good reasons to think that the needed climate information will not be available soon. Instead of optimizing based on the climate conditions projected by models, therefore, future infrastructure should be made more robust to possible changes in climate conditions. This aim implies that users of climate information must also change their practices and decision-making frameworks, for instance by adapting the uncertainty-management methods they currently apply to exchange rates or R&D outcomes. Five methods are examined: (i) selecting “no-regret” strategies that yield benefits even in absence of climate change; (ii) favouring reversible and flexible options; (iii) buying “safety margins” in new investments; (iv) promoting soft adaptation strategies, including long-term prospective; and (v) reducing decision time horizons. Moreover, it is essential to consider both negative and positive side-effects and externalities of adaptation measures. Adaptation–mitigation interactions also call for integrated design and assessment of adaptation and mitigation policies, which are often developed by distinct communities.     

How to attribute market leakage to CDM projects

Abstract

Economic studies suggest that market leakage rates of greenhouse gas abatement can reach the two-digit percentage range. Although the Marrakesh Accords require Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects to account for leakage, most projects neglect market leakage. Insufficient leakage accounting is facilitated by a lack of applicable methods regarding the quantification and attribution of project-related leakage effects. This article proposes a method for attributing CDM-related market leakage effects to individual projects. To this purpose, alternative attribution methods are analysed. We find that project-specific approaches fail to take account of market leakage effects. Consequently, we propose to estimate aggregate market leakage effects and attribute them proportionally to individual projects. We suggest that predetermined commodity-specific leakage factors are applied by project developers to any emission reductions that are associated with a project's leakage-relevant demand or supply changes. This approach is conservative, equitable, incentive-compatible and applicable at manageable costs.     

荔波菊苣引种试验

菊苣为多年生草本植物,主要用作畜牧饲料,有较高的经济价值,对发展畜牧业有重要意义,通过菊苣引种试验成功分析,提出菊苣适合在荔波县推广种植。     

An approach to adaptation to climate changes in Poland

Adopted by COP 10 (Dec 1/CP.10) and approved by the MOP1, the Buenos Aires programme of adaptation and response measures opens doors to intensify preparations for expected climate change. By this decision the COP, requested the SBSTA to develop a structured 5-year programme of work of the SBSTA on the scientific, technical and socio-economic aspects of impacts of, and vulnerability and adaptation to, climate change. Consequently, the COP, by its decision 2/CP.11, adopted the “Five-year programme of work of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change” Finally during COP12 this programme was approved as “Nairobi Work Programme on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change”. This programme has fundamental significance not only for developing countries, but also for industrialized nations in which some sectors of the or social life are particularly vulnerable to climate change, specifically, inter alia EIT countries and new EU Member States. Further development of this adaptation programme economy should contain steps that provide optimum economic and social effectiveness, risk management, identification of vulnerable sectors and gaps in knowledge, preparation of a list of policy options, including an analysis of cost effectiveness, selection of the most effective policies, and a preparedness implementation plan. In Poland the preliminary adaptation programme covered agriculture, water management, and coastal zone management. For the time being, gaps in knowledge and preparedness measures have been identified. An estimation of possible impact on these areas was based on chosen GCMs, and sea level rise IPCC scenarios. In conclusion, it was stated that the results achieved should be seen as a first step forward and a more comprehensive study is necessary to update the results and cover other sectors of the economy, such as health protection, spatial planning, ecosystems and forestry, and to develop specific guidelines and recommendations for policy-makers.     

Framing the way to relate climate extremes to climate change

The atmospheric and ocean environment has changed from human activities in ways that affect storms and extreme climate events. The main way climate change is perceived is through changes in extremes because those are outside the bounds of previous weather. The average anthropogenic climate change effect is not negligible, but nor is it large, although a small shift in the mean can lead to very large percentage changes in extremes. Anthropogenic global warming inherently has decadal time scales and can be readily masked by natural variability on short time scales. To the extent that interactions are linear, even places that feature below normal temperatures are still warmer than they otherwise would be. It is when natural variability and climate change develop in the same direction that records get broken. For instance, the rapid transition from El Ni?o prior to May 2010 to La Ni?a by July 2010 along with global warming contributed to the record high sea surface temperatures in the tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans and in close proximity to places where record flooding subsequently occurred. A commentary is provided on recent climate extremes. The answer to the oft-asked question of whether an event is caused by climate change is that it is the wrong question. All weather events are affected by climate change because the environment in which they occur is warmer and moister than it used to be.     

如何将DOMINO邮件数据库移动到另外一个分区

随着用户的增多,MOMINO邮件服务器上的硬盘空间越来越少,如果不增加硬盘空间,将会严重影响到系统的运行,甚至死机。一个解决方案是:为服务器新增一个大硬盘,将数据库文件移到新硬盘上。如何以最小的代价、最快的速度、尽量不影响用户的正常使用来完成此项工作呢?通过查询相关资     

利用防火墙软件实现市、县局用户共享上网

介绍采用WinRoute Firewall软件实现市、县局用户共享上网的方法,使市县局用户既能共享网络资源,又能有效地保障网络安全.     

如何将DOMINO邮件数据库移动到另外一个分区

随着用户的增多,MOMINO邮件服务器上的硬盘空间越来越少,如果不增加硬盘空间,将会严重影响到系统的运行,甚至死机.一个解决方案是:为服务器新增一个大硬盘,将数据库文件移到新硬盘上.如何以最小的代价、最快的速度、尽量不影响用户的正常使用来完成此项工作呢?通过查询相关资料,并做了实验,发现有两种方法相对简单.     

利用防火墙软件实现市、县局用户共享上网

介绍采用W inRoute F irewall软件实现市、县局用户共享上网的方法,使市县局用户既能共享网络资源,又能有效地保障网络安全。     

Linear response functions to project contributions to future sea level

We propose linear response functions to separately estimate the sea-level contributions of thermal expansion and solid ice discharge from Greenland and Antarctica. The response function formalism introduces a time-dependence which allows for future rates of sea-level rise to be influenced by past climate variations. We find that this time-dependence is of the same functional type, R(t) ～ t ^α, for each of the three subsystems considered here. The validity of the approach is assessed by comparing the sea-level estimates obtained via the response functions to projections from comprehensive models. The pure vertical diffusion case in one dimension, corresponding to α =  ?0.5, is a valid approximation for thermal expansion within the ocean up to the middle of the twenty first century for all Representative Concentration Pathways. The approximation is significantly improved for α =  ? 0.7. For the solid ice discharge from Greenland we find an optimal value of α =  ?0.7. Different from earlier studies we conclude that solid ice discharge from Greenland due to dynamic thinning is bounded by 0.42 m sea-level equivalent. Ice discharge induced by surface warming on Antarctica is best captured by a positive value of α = 0.1 which reflects the fact that ice loss increases with the cumulative amount of heat available for softening the ice in our model.