河南飞机增雨作业时机和区域的短时预测

普查2002-2006年3-5月和9-11月河南省5站以上连片日降雨量为小到中雨的133个降水日的天气形势,对其中69个降水日的郑州714CD多普勒雷达强度、速度场资料进行了分析,结果表明:河南春秋季降水回波主要为层状云降水和以稳定性为主的混合性降水回波;强度30 dBz左右、分布均匀的连续性片状回波和以稳定性为主的混合性降水回波有明显增雨潜力,其回波分布区域也是很好的作业区域;根据RHI回波高度和0 ℃层亮带高度变化可制定飞机飞行的最佳高度;速度场上出现暖平流辐合、冷平流辐合、近地面东北风辐合3种类型时有利于实施飞机人工增雨作业.     

内蒙古高温天气成因分析

选取1971—2008年64次较强内蒙古高温酷暑天气过程,对其物理量分布特征和成因进行了分析,结果表明：300hPa高空锋区的北退或断裂与大陆暖高压系统的形成和发展有很好的相关性;对流层中层的暖平流对大陆暖高压系统的发展强盛起到关键作用,通常在暖高压系统的上游（西部、北部）维持暖平流时,暖高压系统将发展并维持强盛状态,当暖高压系统北部出现较强的冷平流时,暖高压系统将很快崩溃;500～850hPa厚度场可以更好的反映出整层气柱冷暖性质,其分布特征直接影响到内蒙古高温酷暑天气发生的部位和区域;蒙古暖高压控制区中盛行下沉气流,使得大气下沉增温,对流层中低层维持暖心结构,由于整层气柱很暖,低层减压形成了近地层的热低压,具有干热的特征。最后总结了内蒙古高温酷暑的定量预报指标。     

风廓线雷达资料在江西梅雨锋暴雨天气过程中的分析应用

利用宜春站风廓线雷达资料和区域自动站降水资料,对2014年6月19—22日江西省持续性暴雨天气过程进行了分析。结果发现:1)1—2.5 km高度的西南急流增强或减弱与下游降水的增强或减弱有较好相关性,其中,较低层1—1.5 km高度的西南急流增强与下游降水增强关系更为密切;1—3.5 km高度的西南急流增强且风速大于12 m/s的较强急流向下层传递,与下游降水增强有较好对应关系,且对降水加强指示提前量约为2 h。2)1 km高度以下的水平风在垂直方向上的风切变(△V)增大为8 m/s以上有利于下游降水增强,当△V为12—20 m/s时,降水明显增强,且△V增大较降水增强提前1—3 h;1 km或0.7 km高度以下△V的增大与下游降水的增强关系较为密切,而1 km或0.7 km高度以上△V增大与下游降水增强关系并不明显。3)指数M、I的大小与下游区域降水量总体呈正相关关系。当指数M、I增大至峰值,且急流指数脉动增强、频率增大时,下游区域降水也将出现峰值,且指数峰值出现较降水峰值提前1—3 h。4)0.5—2.5 km高度的暖平流增强,暖平流的厚度越大,且暖平流之上伴有冷平流加强,越有利于下游区域降水增强;2 km高度以下暖平流逐渐减弱,对应下游区域降水也逐渐减弱;1 km高度以下由冷平流控制,降水则减弱停止。     

石家庄的云、降水和水汽特征

应用1972~2003年石家庄17个站的云、降水资料分析了各类云的发生频率及其降水特征,结果表明:全年而言,积层混合云出现频率高,且降水概率、降水率较大;夏季积状云出现频率高,降水概率、降水率大,对两者增雨机会多。应用2000~2004年常规天气图,对造成石家庄降水的天气系统、云、降水、水汽进行分析,结果显示:西来槽、冷切变、东蒙冷涡和华北低涡出现频率较高,造成的降水次数多,实施增雨的机会多;气旋类、西南涡出现频率低,但过程雨量大,降水持续时间长,是人工增雨不可忽视的天气系统;冷涡类降水时间最短,降水强度大,对其实施人工增雨,作业时机的把握很重要。石家庄上空的水汽含量呈单峰型季节变化,空中水汽资源量明显地受到大气环流和天气系统影响。对水汽通量场分析表明,对流层中高层水汽多来自于孟加拉湾和南海,低层水汽主要来自于东海、黄海,地面近地层水汽源多为黄渤海。     

陕西关中地区层状云降水及雷达特征分析

作为人工增雨的一项基础工作,利用陕西关中地区宝鸡等3个雷达站附近共12个气候站1998-2007年2~11月的降水及雷达实测资料,分析了该地区的层状云降水及雷达回波特征。结果表明,(1)关中地区人工增雨的适宜时段为每年的2月5日~11月15日;(2)对层状云降雨的天气形势和雷达回波进行了分类;(3)统计分析了宝鸡雷达站稳定性层状云降雨和混合性层状云降雨雷达回波的最大回波强度、回波顶高度、冷层厚度、暖层厚度、融化层厚度、融化层高度等特征;(4)春、秋季稳定性层状云及混合性层状云冷层厚度大于暖层厚度一倍以上,云层中水汽条件较好,更适合人工增雨作业。     

闽西北地区降水回波特征和人工增雨作业条件分析

利用新一代天气雷达回波资料、850 hPa天气图和地面降水资料对闽西北地区的云雨资源、有利人工增雨作业的天气系统、降水回波特征及人工增雨作业指标进行分析.结果表明:福建闽西北地区有利于开展人工增雨作业的主要天气系统可分为9类:大陆高压、副高外围、暖区辐合、热带辐合带、低槽、台风(低压)、低涡、低涡切变和其他类.积层混合...     

陕西省春秋季一般性降水天气预报模型及飞机人工增雨作业区域选择

研究适合人工增雨作业的大气环流背景和天气条件,成为人工影响天气工作的一项重要课题。针对大范围飞机人工增雨作业需要,选用陕西省2000—2002年春秋季一般性降水过程作为样本,对产生降水的环流背景形势、影响系统、云系结构、降水区位置以及相互配置进行分析,总结出陕西省春秋季一般性降水天气的4种预报模型,给出每一种天气预报模型下的各种影响系统的基本位置、对应云系变化及降水落区,为开展飞机人工增雨选择适宜作业区域提供依据,即根据有利降水的天气环流特征作飞机增雨准备,根据500hPa、700hPa影响系统的配置确定增雨的区域范围,根据有利降水云系的分布和变化把握作业时机,选择最适宜作业区域。     

甘肃陇东南一次大暴雨的中尺度特征分析

2013年6月19-20日在甘肃陇东南出现一次罕见的暖区降水和切变线降水共同造成的区域性大暴雨过程,暖区降水强度大、持续时间长、强降水范围集中、中尺度特征明显。利用常规和非常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料等对此次大暴雨天气过程的成因和中尺度特征进行了分析。结果表明,暖区降水时段:对流层低层高湿有利于降低暖区降水对抬升条件的要求,并与中层温度冷槽配合形成不稳定层结,前期低层的逆温层也有利于不稳定能量的堆积;低层垂直风切变、低空急流和地形抬升在对流触发和维持中具有重要作用,徽成盆地是生成对流单体的主要源地;中尺度对流系统具有暖云降水特点,质心低,降水效率高,且具有明显的后向传播和"列车效应"特征。切变线降水时段:受对流层中层暖平流、正涡度平流和低层冷空气侵入影响,武都涡不断发展加强;对流层湿层厚度增加,热力不稳定条件明显减弱,在低空切变线、武都涡和地面辐合线附近形成大范围的稳定性降水。     

赫章县高炮人工增雨作业指挥初探

通过对降水系统的生成、发展、移向移速的分析和高炮实施人工催化增雨作业时的技术研究，探索高炮(火箭)人工催化增雨的经验，对人工影响天气指挥和作业有一定的指导意义。     

甘肃省秋季飞机人工增雨天气系统分型

为了探讨甘肃秋季人工增雨天气系统的影响特征，利用甘肃省1991-2002年飞机人工增雨作业资料，对秋季飞机人工增雨作业情况进行了统计分析；按照甘肃省秋季天气系统特征，利用探空资料，建立了甘肃省秋季天气系统自动化“判别模型”，得出甘肃秋季降水的高空环流可分为三种类型：平直多波动型、西南气流型和西北气流型，其中降水类型以平直多波动型为主。通过“判别模型”对飞机人工增雨天气系统的分型，结果表明飞机人工增雨作业的主要天气类型为西南气流型和平直多波动型。可为人工增雨作业区域选择和航线设计提供天气气候背景。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on