热带气旋海棠(2005)强度数值模拟试验

通过设计台风追随自移动嵌套网格、考虑海洋飞沫作用改进MRF边界层参数化方案、设计垂直-倾斜对流参数化方案等对MM5 V3.7中尺度模式进行改进,以NCEP逐日再分析资料为初始场,对2005年第5号热带气旋"海棠"进行了数值模拟试验。结果表明:通过设计自移动嵌套网格解决了热带气旋业务数值预报模式中细网格区域大小和位置难于确定问题,通过提高模式分辨率能大幅增强数值模式对热带气旋强度的预报能力;考虑海洋飞沫作用后,热带气旋范围内低层热通量明显增强,从而使模式大气低层增温和增湿明显,有利热带气旋内对流发生发展;考虑倾斜对流不稳定作用后,使倾斜对流有效位能得到释放,进一步提高了模式对热带气旋内部物理过程的描述能力。通过改进MM5模式,有效提高了热带气旋强度的数值模拟能力。     

边界层参数化方案在“灰色区域”尺度下的适用性评估

随着数值预报模式分辨率的提高,当模式网格距与含能湍涡的长度尺度相当时,模式动力过程可解析一部分湍流运动,而剩余的湍流运动仍需参数化,此时便产生了湍流参数化的“灰色区域”问题。对传统的PBL（Planetary Boundary Layer）方案在“灰色区域”下的适用性评估,是改进PBL方案以使其能够适应分辨率变化的前提和基础。本研究基于干对流边界层的大涡模拟试验,比较了WRF（Weather Research and Forecast Model）模式中四种常用的边界层参数化方案[YSU（Yonsei University）、MYJ（Mellor-Yamada-Janjic）、MYNN2.5（Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino Level 2.5）、MYNN3）]在“灰色区域”尺度下的表现。研究表明,混合层内总热通量对所使用的参数化方案和水平分辨率均不敏感。不同参数化方案中次网格与网格通量的比例表现出对水平网格距不同的依赖性。局地PBL方案（MYJ、MYNN2.5）在混合层内的平均位温随网格距减小而增大,次网格通量随网格距减小而减小,较参考湍流场对次网格通量有所低估。YSU方案的非局地项几乎不随水平格距改变而变化,对次网格通量的表征并未表现出较强的分辨率依赖性,且过强的非局地次网格输送使混合层内温度层结呈弱稳定,抑制了可分辨湍流输送,不易于激发次级环流。MYNN3方案的非局地次网格通量（负梯度输送项）随网格距减小而减小,使其对次网格通量的表征具有较好的分辨率依赖性。PBL方案在“灰色区域”尺度下的适用性与具体分辨率有关。以分辨率500 m为例,四种PBL方案中不存在一种最佳方案,能对边界层的热力结构和湍流统计特征均有准确的描述。     

一种改进的对流凝结加热方案

众所周知,积云尺度和大尺度运动的水平和时间尺度相差甚远,因此,在较大尺度的网格点上应借助于参数化方法来描述积云尺度的运动。比如,假定对流凝结加热与潮湿空气的辐合量有关(郭晓岚1965,1974),或者假定与涡度或垂直速度成正比(李崇银1984),并且依赖确定的加热参数的垂直分布廓线。我们用李崇银(1984)的参数化方案对台风发展的数值模拟表明,加热强度参数和垂直分布廓线对模拟结果非常敏感。因此,有必要寻求其他途径或参数化方法。     

WRF模式对青藏高原南坡夏季降水的模拟分析

利用中尺度数值模式WRF研究积云对流参数化方案、网格嵌套技术和模式分辨率对陡峭的青藏高原南坡夏季降水模拟的影响。对2006年7月青藏高原南坡地区降水的模拟分析表明:降水对积云对流参数化方案的选择很敏感,不同方案模拟的结果差异显著,采用Grell-Devenyi质量通量方案时的模拟效果优于其他方案。在此基础上,通过5种试验方案比较发现,使用积云对流参数化方案、提高模式分辨率和应用网格嵌套技术能改善降水强度和空间分布的模拟,组合使用时模拟的降水与观测资料更接近。它们均能改进风场,使得水汽的输送和辐合过程的模拟更加准确;还能影响大气的垂直加热状态,导致不同的对流发生,使垂直速度的分布趋于合理。未使用积云对流参数化方案时,大气湿度偏小,而模式分辨率和网格嵌套技术对大气湿度的影响不大。      

边界层参数化和湿过程对切变线低涡发展影响的中尺度模拟

1981年8月14至22日,在青藏高原东侧陕、甘、川毗邻区,出现了一次持续暴雨过程.对其主过程的涡度诊断表明,切变线低涡初生於青藏高原东侧低空,其后,不仅出现了高、低空涡度中心的叠加和耦合过程,而且在行星边界层(PBL)内发生了迅速加强过程.这种过程与切变低涡的持续发展相伴. 一系列48和72小时中尺度数值模拟结果揭示:只有高分辨PBL参数化的湿物理过程,才能较好地模拟出切变低涡在PBL内的突然加强及其涡度演变和垂直结构;而总体PBL参数化,虽然其涡度演变和垂直结构也能基本模拟出来,但不能模拟出切变线低涡在PBL内的迅速加强;总体PBL参数化干过程的模拟结果指出,该方案较前两种湿过程方案均差,特别是被模拟系统的强度明显减弱,位置偏离. 模拟与诊断和观测之间的比较揭示,尽可能仔细地改进PBL参数化和湿物理过程,才有可能改进对这类中尺度系统发生和发展的模拟.     

日间对流边界层中的非局地动量混合

日间对流边界层最显著的结构特征是在热力作用下所形成的组织化对流。与小尺度湍涡不同的是，组织化对流具有边界层尺度的垂直相干性，可实现垂直贯穿边界层的非局地物质和能量传输。本文针对对流边界层中的动量混合，探究组织化对流对动量输送的贡献。以高精度大涡模拟数据为研究资料，通过傅里叶变换、本征正交分解和经验模态分解3种滤波方法，分离组织化对流和背景湍涡，计算与两者相关的非局地和局地动量通量，发现与组织化对流相关的非局地动量通量是总通量的重要组成部分，并主导混合层中的垂直动量输送。而后，基于协谱和相位谱分析，探究组织化对流的空间结构对动量传输的影响，发现在热力主导的不稳定环境中，单体型环流结构对动量的传输效率较低。而在风切较强的近中性环境中，滚涡型组织化结构可使垂直和水平流向扰动速度的相位差减小，从而提升动量传输效率。研究结果表明，边界层方案需要包含非局地动量通量项，其参数化应考虑整体稳定度对传输效率的影响。     

尺度适应的对流参数化方案对一次华南飑线模拟的影响

尺度适应(scale-aware)的物理过程是现代数值预报发展的一种趋势,本文针对GRAPES_Meso(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System)模式没有考虑物理过程尺度适应的现状,首先在KFeta(Kain-Fritsch Eta)积云对流参数化方案中引进了尺度适应过程,对该方案的对流时间尺度、格点垂直速度以及夹卷率进行了基于尺度适应参数化的改进。为研究尺度适应KFeta方案与原KFeta方案对不同分辨率模式模拟结果的影响,选取了一次华南飑线过程进行数值模拟和影响分析。结果表明:在3 km、5 km、10 km、20 km水平分辨率的GRAPES_Meso模式中,尺度适应KFeta方案相比原方案,对降水强度及落区分布的模拟有一定的正效果,随着模式水平分辨率提高,次网格降水减少、格点降水增多、对流层中低层夹卷略有增强,对原来存在的对流层高层及低层偏冷的偏差有一定的改进,对流活跃区域的上升气流强度、云中水凝物含量更符合真实的天气系统演变。综合来看,改进后的方案更适用于高分辨率数值预报模式,该研究结果可以为尺度适应对流参数化方案的应用及数值模式强降水预报性能的优化提供有益的参考。     

垂直-倾斜对流一体化参数化方案的实现及数值试验

在Kuo-Anthes垂直对流参数化方案和Nordeng倾斜对流参数化方案基础上,提出了垂直-倾斜对流一体化参数化方案,并引入MM5模式中.利用该方案对2008年1月28-29日发生在中国南方的一次暴雪过程和2005年"海棠"台风过程进行了数值模拟,模拟结果表明,此次暴雪过程在垂直方向主要表现对流稳定状态,但在对流层低层始终存在条件件对称不稳定层,并且当条件性对称不稳定区向高层发展时,伴随着强上升运动作为触发机制,引发条件性对称不稳定能量的释放,产生更多的对流降水,使模拟的总降水量与实况更加一致.条件性对称不稳定的发展加强与降雪强度、辐合辐散和上升运动变化一致,条件性对称不稳定是造成暴雪发展加强的主要机制之一.通过对"海棠"台风72 h的模拟表明,条件性对称不稳定主要发生在台风的低层,且其水平分布呈螺旋状结构.条件性对称不稳定效应对台风路径影响较小,但对台风强度影响较大,在模式中考虑垂直-倾斜对流一体化参数化方案后,与仅考虑垂直积云对流参数化方案相比,72 h模拟的平均台风中心最低气压降低了3 hPa,最大达8 hPa.在模式中考虑条件性对称不稳定的影响,可使模式台风中上层的暖心结构更加明显,上升运动和对流性降水增强,对流释放的更多凝结潜热使台风得到进一步加强.     

中尺度对流雨带飞机观测资料分析和数值模拟研究

本文使用MM5中尺度数值模式,采用不同分辨率(90、45、30和15Km)相同的Reisner混合相微物理显示方案,及Betts—Miller和Grell的对流参数化方案,对2003年7月8日吉林省境内中尺度对流雨带天气过程进行了数值模拟试验。结果表明：不同尺度的天气系统,需要不同分辨率、不同参数化方案的中尺度模式进行模拟,提高模式的分辨率可以增强对含有对流的中小尺度天气系统的模拟和预报能力;模式的水平分辨率和对流参数化方案对模拟强降水中心有重要影响;当MM5模式分辨率提高时,模拟的细化给降水分布、降水强度带来一些改进,但主要雨区内也出现了一些虚假预报中心水平扩散;低层正涡度区,高层负涡度区的配合,对低层辐合上升运动有利、能促进对流发展;从散度场的分布特征看。低层850hPa的水平辐合区域强弱与降水的大小有密切关系,强水平辐合区与强降水区有很好的对应关系。因此,在MM5模式业务化时应该根据天气特点来选择模式分辨率和对流参数化方案,以使模拟结果更接近实况。     

各种非绝热物理过程在中尺度模式中的作用

随着中尺度模式水平分辨率的不断提高,考虑加入尽可能合理的各种非绝热物理过程极为重要。如积云参数化需包括湿下沉气流、中上层的云卷出和非降水性浅对流。显式云物理方案需同时加入含有水相和冰相的预报方程,以计入水负荷、凝结蒸发、冻结融化和凝华升华的影响。本文首先从实测角度介绍上述物理过程在产生中β尺度环流结构的作用,然后通过一些敏感性数值试验来阐述它们如何帮助成功模拟不同的中尺度对流系统。这些物理过程的相对作用取决于网格距大小或可分辨尺度垂直运动的强度。当网格距在20～50 km之间,本文特别强调积云参数化和显式云物理方案的同时使用。最后对各种非绝热物理过程的耦合以及中尺度模式的局限性作了适当讨论。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on