细网格非静力二维高阶闭合模式对山体流场特征的模拟分析

本文采用二阶矩湍流闭合方案，分别就非静力和准静力两种条件建立ＰＢＬ数值模式，并模拟了二维山脊流场的结构，计算了二维山体对气流平均场和湍流场的影响。计算结果表明，无论是平均场还是湍流场，采用准静力假设都会造成模拟结果的较大偏差，且对平均场的影响比对湍流场的影响更为显著。两种模式计算结果的差别还随地形坡度和背景风增大而增大。     

三维非静力二阶闭合PBL模式的初步研究

采用二阶距湍流闭合方案，建立了一个复杂地形下的三维非静力边界层预报模式。通过该模式，细致了模拟了北京地区的风、温时空变化和湍流场变化。结合地面、探空和气象塔的实测资料，进一步研究了该方案在三维空间上对平均场和湍流场的预报模拟效能。结果表明该模式能较好地进行平均量和湍流量的模拟和预报。     

细网络非静力二维高阶闭合模式对山体流场特征的模拟分析

本文采用二阶矩湍流闭合方案，分别就非静力和准静力两种条件建立ＰＢＬ数值模糊，并模拟了二维山脊流场的结构，计算二维山体对气流平均场和湍流场的影响，计算结果表明，无论是平均场还是湍流场，采用准静力假设都会造成模拟结果的较大偏差，且对平均场的影响比对湍流场的影响更为显著，两种模式计算结果的差别还随地形坡度和背景风增大而增大。     

青岛地区边界层结构的数值模拟

本文建立了一个非静力的三维细网格边界层模式，对青岛地区复杂下垫面条件下的边界层结构和湍流特征作了数值模拟，模式采用能量闭合方案，舍弃了静力近似，以提高空间分辨率和模式精度。模拟以实测资料为初始输入，对该地区风场和湍流场作了较细致的模拟分析，与观测资料相比，结果合理地一致。结果表明了陡峭地形和不规则海岸线对局地风场和湍流场影响很大。     

三维山体过山气流流场特征的数值模拟

采用高阶矩湍流闭合方案，建立了一个细网格、高分辨率、三维非静力ＰＢＬ数值模式，并由其模拟了三维山体条件下的流场结构和湍流场特征。为反映数值模拟结果的可靠性，对中性条件下三维山体流场进行了风洞试验。与数值模拟结果对比分析表明，数值计算与风洞试验结果有较好的一致性；使用该模式模拟山体条件下的流场结构能取得较好的结果；将模拟结果作为随机游动扩散模式的三维风场及湍流场资料输入，为复杂地形条件下大气污染的研     

植冠层结构对其湍流场影响的数值试验

根据湍流应力模式的模拟结果，讨论了植被冠层中湍流能量的平衡特征，并通过数值试验就冠层结构对流场结构的影响进行了分析。     

城市交通废气与低层大气臭氧形成和分布的数值模拟

建立了一个三维的边界层光化学模式，气象过程的模拟舍弃了静力近似的假定，模式由细网格、高分辨率并取湍流能量（E－ε）闭合的气象模式，提供较为细致的气流场和湍流场。文章中以汽车尾气和植物排放为光化学反应前体物的源，模拟了不同季节南京市的光化学过程以及臭氧随时间和空间的分布。结果表明，夏季南京市的地面臭氧浓度远远高于冬季，臭氧分布有所不同。并且在不少地方出现较高的O3浓度值，超过国家二级标准，气流对污染物浓度分布的影响在较高的高度上显得尤其明显。     

深凹地形边界层风场与湍流场结构及扩散规律的数值研究

建立了一个模拟小尺度复杂地形边界层平均流场和湍流场结构分布特征的三维非静力细网格高阶矩湍流闭合模式,并将此模式与一个拉格朗日粒子随机游动大气扩散数值模式相联结,以边界层气象模式的输出作为扩散模式的输入,构成了一个大气扩和模拟系统,成功地模拟了某地实际深凹露天矿区和理想凹坑地形两种情况下的平均流场、雷诺应力和湍流通量场,分析了其分布特征,并模拟了矿坑内污染物的散布规律     

一方程模型在植被冠层中的应用

利用建立的一方程模式对植被气象场和湍流场进行了模拟计算。结果表明：在植被叶面积密度最大值处，由植被叶面积产生的阻力使风速急剧减小，而后平缓接近地面风速值。Reynolds应力从植被顶部向下剧烈减小，在Z／Hc值为0．4～0．6之间衰减迅速；冠层下部风速小且切变弱，湍流未能充分发展，因而动量输送甚微。由于在植被内部环境中存在着湍流通量的辐散或辐合的现象，湍流强度从植被底部开始由下至上逐渐增强，在冠层上方则基本保持不变。     

晴空湍流(CAT)对大尺度和中尺度动力强迫过程的响应

该文利用中尺度客观分析资料，对θ坐标系下Ri数倾向方程中的非湍流变形强迫场进行了诊断分析，以揭示晴空湍流（CAT）对大尺度和中尺度动力强迫过程的响应关系。计算结果表明:晴空湍流往往出现在对流层高层或高空急流附近。在层结稳定的高层大气薄层中，Ri数较小的空气微团遇有较强的非湍流变形强迫场时，由于动力强迫和Ri的耦合作用，往往导致晴空湍流的发生。     

一个中尺度模式中高分辨边界层的参数化

建立一个高分辨大气边界层模式。然后,把该模式与一个中尺度数值预报模式进行耦合并把模式计算结果与实测结果进行了对比。结果表明,该耦合模式能够模拟出大气边界层的流场、温度场和气压场的特征。     

Footprints in Homogeneously and Heterogeneously Driven Boundary Layers Derived from a Lagrangian Stochastic Particle Model Embedded into Large-Eddy Simulation

A Lagrangian stochastic (LS) model, which is embedded into a parallelised large-eddy simulation (LES) model, is used for dispersion and footprint evaluations. For the first time an online coupling between LES and LS models is applied. The new model reproduces concentration patterns, which were obtained in prior studies, provided that subgrid-scale turbulence is included in the LS model. Comparisons with prior studies show that the model evaluates footprints successfully. Streamwise dispersion leads to footprint maxima that are situated less far upstream than previously reported. Negative flux footprints are detected in the convective boundary layer (CBL). The wide range of applicability of the model is shown by applying it under neutral and stable stratification. It is pointed out that the turning of the wind direction with height leads to a considerable dependency of source areas on height. First results of an application to a heterogeneously heated CBL are presented, which emphasize that footprints are severely affected by the inhomogeneity.     

Semigeostrophic Frontal Boundary Layer

The viscous semigeostrophic solutions obtained for the baroclinic Eady wave fronts are analyzed for the generation of the cross-frontal temperature gradient in the boundary layer. In the case of free-slip boundaries, the cross-frontal gradient is maximally generated at the surface by meridional temperature advection. In the case of no-slip boundaries, surface friction reduces the meridional temperature advection in the boundary layer: The maximum generation occurs above the surface layer and the temperature gradient at the surface is maintained by vertical diffusion. The no-slip solution is compared with the Ekman-layer model solution. Errors are quantified for the use of the Ekman-layer model in the mature state of frontogenesis.The surface frontogenesis is found to be affected by diffusivity both directly and indirectly. The direct effect of diffusivity is represented explicitly by the diffusion term in the potential temperature equation. The indirect effect of diffusivity is related implicitly to the temperature advection caused by the viscous part of the ageostrophic motion whose horizontal velocity component is defined by the frictional wind deflection (away from the geostrophy). The direct effect of diffusivity is frontolytical, whilst theindirect effect of diffusivity is frontogenetic in the mesoscale vicinity of the front. The indirect effect of diffusivity contributes dominantly to the mesoscale surface frontogenesis for the free-slip case, but it is offset by the divergence of the dynamic part of the ageostrophic motion at the surface level for the non-slip case.     

Nocturnal stable boundary layer height model and its application

A model of the evolution of the nocturnal stable boundary layer height, based on the heat conservation equation for a turbulent flow, is presented. This model is valid for nights with weak winds and little cloudiness in rural areas. The model includes an expression of vertical profile of potential temperature within the boundary layer, which is obtained using micrometeorological information from Prairie Grass, Wangara and O'Neill Projects. The expression turned out to be a second-grade polynomial of the dimensionless height of the nocturnal stable boundary layer. The resulting model is a function of the Monin–Obukhov length, the surface potential temperature of air and the roughness length. This model was satisfactorily compared with micrometeorological data. It was applied at three stations of Argentina, using surface hourly meteorological information. From the results that were obtained, the monthly average values of the stable boundary layer thickness were analysed. The maximum monthly average values occur during the cold season and the minimum ones take place during the hot season. It was observed that the monthly average thickness increases with latitude.     

On the Possible Impact of a Following-Swell on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer over the ocean where the swell impact on the atmosphere is explicitly accounted for is suggested. The model is based on Ekman’s equations, where the stress in the wave boundary layer is split into two parts: the turbulent and wave-induced stress. The turbulent stress is parameterized traditionally via the eddy viscosity proportional to the generalized mixing length. The wave-induced stress directed upward (from swell to the atmosphere) is parameterized using the formalism of the wind-over-waves coupling theory. The model can be seen as an extension of the model by Kudryavtsev and Makin (J Phys Oceanogr 34:934–949, 2004) to the scale of the entire atmospheric boundary layer by including the Coriolis force into the momentum conservation equation and generalizing the definition of the mixing length. The regime of low winds for swell propagating along the wind direction is studied. It is shown that the impact of swell on the atmosphere is governed mainly by the swell parameter—the coupling parameter that is the product of the swell steepness and the growth rate coefficient. When the coupling parameter drops below − 1 the impact of swell becomes significant and affects the entire atmospheric boundary layer. The turbulent stress is enhanced near the surface as compared to the no-swell case, and becomes negative above the height of the inner region. The wind profile is characterized by a positive gradient near the surface and a negative gradient above the height of the inner region forming a characteristic bump at the height of the inner region. Results of the model agree at least qualitatively with observations performed in the atmosphere in presence of swell.     

Boundary-Layer Similarity Under an Axisymmetric,Gradient Wind Vortex

We present similarity solutions for the mean boundary-layer profiles under an axisymmetric vortex that is in gradient wind balance; the similarity model includes the nonlinear momentum advection and curvature terms. These solutions are a generalization of the Ekman layer mean flow, which is the canonical boundary-layer basic state under a uniform, geostrophically-balanced flow. Near-surface properties such as inflow angle, surface wind factor, diffusive transport of kinetic energy into the surface layer and dissipational heating are calculated and shown to be sensitive to the choice of turbulence parameterization.     

一个预测沿岸陆上熏烟扩散的随机游动模式

本文建立了一个对流边界层中的随机游动扩散模式,并用KNRC试验No.64的资料作了验证.然后考虑混合层顶不规则夹卷界面的作用,应用于楠蒂科克沿岸陆上熏烟扩散问题,将模拟的地面轴线浓度与观测资料以及三个熏烟扩散预测模式的结果作了比较.结果表明:模式的模拟效能良好.所有数值计算均可在微机上实现,便于推广应用,更具实用性.     

Large-Eddy Simulation of the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer using Dynamic Models with Different Averaging Schemes

Large-eddy simulation (LES) of a stable atmospheric boundary layer is performed using recently developed dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) models. These models not only calculate the Smagorinsky coefficient and SGS Prandtl number dynamically based on the smallest resolved motions in the flow, they also allow for scale dependence of those coefficients. This dynamic calculation requires statistical averaging for numerical stability. Here, we evaluate three commonly used averaging schemes in stable atmospheric boundary-layer simulations: averaging over horizontal planes, over adjacent grid points, and following fluid particle trajectories. Particular attention is focused on assessing the effect of the different averaging methods on resolved flow statistics and SGS model coefficients. Our results indicate that averaging schemes that allow the coefficients to fluctuate locally give results that are in better agreement with boundary-layer similarity theory and previous LES studies. Even among models that are local, the averaging method is found to affect model coefficient probability density function distributions and turbulent spectra of the resolved velocity and temperature fields. Overall, averaging along fluid pathlines is found to produce the best combination of self consistent model coefficients, first- and second-order flow statistics and insensitivity to grid resolution.     

Development of a Single-Column Model in RegCM4 and Its Preliminary Application for Evaluating PBL Schemes in Simulating the Dry Convection Boundary Layer

A single-column model (SCM) is developed in the regional climate model RegCM4. The evolution of a dry convection boundary layer (DCBL) is used to evaluate this SCM. Moreover, four planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes, namely the Holtslag-Boville scheme (HB), Yonsei University scheme (YSU), and two University of Washington schemes (UW01, Grenier-Bretherton-McCaa scheme and UW09, Bretherton-Park scheme), are compared by using the SCM approach. A large-eddy simulation (LES) of the DCBL is performed as a benchmark to examine how well a PBL parameterization scheme reproduces the LES results, and several diagnostic outputs are compared to evaluate the schemes. The results show that the SCM is proper constructed. In general, with the DCBL case, the YSU scheme performs best for reproducing the LES results, which include well-mixed features and vertical sensible heat fluxes; the simulated wind speed, turbulent kinetic energy, entrainment flux, and height of the entrainment zone are all underestimated in the UW09; the UW01 has all those biases of the UW09 but larger, and the simulated potential temperature is not well mixed; the HB is the least skillful scheme, by which the PBL height, entrainment flux, height of the entrainment zone, and the vertical gradients within the mixed layer are all overestimated, and a inversion layer near the top of the surface layer is wrongly simulated.Although more cases and further testing are required, these simulations show encouraging results towards the use of this SCM framework for evaluating the simulated physical processes by the RegCM4.     

Simulation of meteorological fields over a land-water-land terrain and comparison with observations

A numerical two-dimensional-mesoscale model with a level 1.5 closure scheme for turbulence is described. The model is used to simulate the boundary layer over coastal complex terrain. Meteorological data available from the Øresund land-sea-land terrain experiment are used to study the performance of the model. The model could simulate generally observed complexities in the mean wind and temperature fields. Internal boundary layers over the water and land surfaces were identified by the height of lowest value in the turbulence kinetic energy profile and this showed good agreement with radiosonde (RS) observations.Some disagreements with the data were also noticed, especially near the surface. The wind speed was over-predicted. Attempts were made to improve the model performance by adopting different schemes for model initialisation. Results showed that initialisation with an early model start time and observed wind profile near the inflow boundary improved the performance. The wind speed over-prediction could be further minimised by using a more realistic objective initialisation scheme. The problem centred around the proper estimation of the turbulent diffusion coefficient K through the closure scheme. Despite using the most popular empirical relationships in the level 1.5 closure scheme, these differences persisted. While this needs further investigation, the present model can be used to supply wind fields for practical purposes such as air pollution calculations.