阿尔泰山区两种树轮宽度年表气候响应特征

阿尔泰山是树轮气候研究的理想区域,但此前关于阿尔泰山不同海拔高度西伯利亚落叶松和西伯利亚云杉树轮宽度气候响应差异的对比研究较少。本文利用阿尔泰山上树线西伯利亚落叶松以及森林中下部西伯利亚云杉和西伯利亚落叶松树轮宽度资料,在建立宽度年表的基础上,分析阿尔泰山南坡不同海拔高度不同树种对气候响应的差异。研究结果表明:1上树线与森林中下部区域树轮宽度生长的气候限制因子不同,上树线落叶松树轮宽度生长的气候限制因子为6月平均温度,森林中下部云杉树轮生长的气候限制因子为年度(上年7月到当年6月)或春季(4—6月)降水量。2森林中下部云杉树轮宽度生长对降水的响应要优于落叶松。3上树线西伯利亚落叶松树轮宽度均与当年6月平均温度显著正相关(P0.001),森林中下部西伯利亚落叶松的气候限制因子不明显。     

新疆西北部萨吾尔山西伯利亚落叶松树轮宽度的气候响应特征

树木生长对气候变化的响应研究不仅能为全球变化背景下森林生态系统的响应提供关键参数，也是树轮气候学研究的基础。本文利用位于新疆西北部萨吾尔山南坡的西伯利亚落叶松树木年轮宽度资料，建立了不同海拔高度的4个树轮宽度年表，采用相关分析和冗余分析法分析了树轮年表特征及其对气候的响应特征。结果表明：（1）不同海拔西伯利亚落叶松树轮宽度年表均具有较高的敏感度和一致性，可能包含较为丰富的气候信息。树轮年表参数有较一致的规律性：平均敏感度、标准差和信噪比随海拔高度降低逐渐增大；反映树轮对环境要素响应滞后效应的一阶自相关系数随海拔高度降低而减小。（2）随着海拔高度的降低，树轮宽度年表与生长季温度（5—9月）的正相关逐渐减弱，直至变为负相关；与反映水分状况的气象要素（降水量、相对湿度和水汽压）由不显著相关变为显著正相关（P<0.01）。萨吾尔山南坡海拔2000~2100m是西伯利亚落叶松树轮宽度对气候响应关系发生转折的关键高度。（3）位于下树线区域西伯利亚落叶松树轮宽度受年降水量（上年7月至当年6月）和当年生长季（5—7月）最高气温共同影响，具备开展区域干旱指数重建的潜力。     

额尔齐斯河上游西伯利亚云杉树轮宽度年表特征分析及其对气候的响应

利用采自阿尔泰山南坡额尔齐斯河上游森林6个采样点的低海拔西伯利亚云杉（Picea obovata Ledeb）树轮样本,建立6个树轮宽度指数年表。分析标准化树轮宽度年表的特征参数及对气候的响应发现：（1）可可托海北（KKT）年表包含的气候信息最多,其次是塔里德萨依（TLD）年表。（2）6个标准化年表及区域年表（HEC）与临近的富蕴气象站与生长季及生长季前期的降水呈正相关,与上年7月到当年6月降水量相关最高达0.755,该研究结果与新疆天山山区云杉对气候的响应完全一致。降水是森林下限西伯利亚云杉树轮宽度生长的主要限制因子。（3）海拔相对较高的协特克阔依汗（XTK）和KKT年表除与其它年表具有对降水相同的响应特点外,还与当年8月的平均最低气温呈显著正相关。（4）区域年表树轮宽度指数经历了9个偏高时段和8个偏低时段,揭示了该地区降水的长期变化。     

博州中东部树轮宽度年表特征及对其气候响应

利用采自博尔塔拉蒙古自治州中东部山区9个采点的树轮样本,研制树轮宽度年表,分析9个树轮宽度标准化年表的统计特征及年表对气候的响应。结果表明:(1)位于森林中下部林缘的吉普克北、包尔克特沟西侧、小海子、胡苏木萨拉年表和森林上树线的吉普克年表包含的气候信息较多。(2)博州中东部山区气候对树木年轮生长的影响存在持续性,显著的持续年数大多表现在当年及其后的3 a。(3)9个年表间的互相关系数均超过了0.01的显著水平,森林中下部林缘年表间的相关性大于森林上树线。(4)森林上树线树轮宽度年表与上年12月至当年9月平均最低气温相关系数最大(R=0.583,显著性水平达0.000 1),其中与6月温度的相关最好,温度是影响森林上树线树轮宽度生长的主要气候限制因子。森林中下部林缘区域树轮宽度年表与上年6月至当年5月的降水量呈显著正相关(R=0.644,显著性水平达0.000 1),其中与6月降水量的相关最好,降水是影响森林中下部林缘树木年轮宽度生长的主要气候限制因子。     

阿尔泰山中部树轮宽度年表特征及其气候响应

利用阿尔泰山中部地区3个采样点的树轮宽度资料,建立年表,对比3个树轮宽度标准化年表（STD）相关特征参数及年表与气候的响应,结果表明：大东沟（DDG）年表和二道房子（EDF）年表的平均敏感度和信噪比等参数均较大,表明2个年表含有较丰富的气候信息。2个年表的显著性水平达到0.01的自相关大多在4阶以内,表明气候对阿尔泰山中部树轮宽度生长的影响主要表现在当年及其后的3 a,其＂滞后效应＂较明显。位于阿尔泰山中部森林中下部林缘的大东沟树轮宽度年表（DDG）与上年11月-当年4月的降水量有显著的正相关（r=0.503,p〈0.001）;而位于阿尔泰山中部森林上树线附近的哈依萨萨依树轮宽度年表（HYS）对当年6-7月的月平均最低气温有明显的正相关（r=0.462,p〈0.001）,但同时与当年1月的降水有很好的响应。     

吉尔吉斯斯坦西天山上下林线树轮对气候的响应差异

利用2012年10月采自吉尔吉斯斯坦西天山chon-kyzyl-suu附近的森林上线和下线两个采样点的雪岭云杉树轮样本,建立了上下线树轮宽度年表,结合近百年CRU（0.5?.5）气温和降水资料,分析该地区森林上下线树轮对气候响应的异同。研究表明,森林上下线树轮年表一致性较好,尤其是窄轮出现年份基本相同;对气温响应方面,森林上线树轮年表与春季尤其是4-5月份平均温度显著负相关;而森林下线树轮年表与夏季尤其是6-7月平均气温显著相关。降水方面,树轮年表与上年7月到当年6月降水相关最好,森林下线年表与上年7月到当年6月的降水量相关系数超过0.61;上线也达到了0.49。与中国境内雪岭云杉对气候响应基本相同,位于吉尔吉斯斯坦的西天山北坡树轮宽度同样对降水的响应更为敏感,尤其在森林下线;降水可能是该地区树木生长的主要限制性因子,降水对森林下线树轮径向生长起决定性作用。空间相关分析表明,树轮年表能较好的代表西天山大部分区域上年7月到当年6月的降水量,尤其是西天山北坡吉尔吉斯斯坦境内。     

天山中部北坡头屯河流域树轮宽度年表特征分析及其与气候要素的相关性初探

利用天山中部北坡头屯河流域8个天山云杉树轮采点的树轮样本,建立树轮宽度指数年表,并分析树轮标准化年表与气候的相关性。结果发现:(1)树轮年表统计特征指示庙尔沟煤矿与三屯河树轮宽度标准化年表可能包含有较多的气候信息;(2)森林上限年表互相关平均系数为最大,森林下部林缘年表互相关平均系数居中,森林上树线附近的小渠子年表与处于下树线附近的庙尔沟煤矿年表间的相关系数最小;(3)位于森林下部林缘年表的连续显著的正自相关系数的阶数少于森林上限的年表,反映该区域森林下部林缘树轮中的气候信息较为清晰,上限年表中的气候信息较为模糊;(4)温度是影响森林上限树轮宽度年表树轮生长的的主要气候限制因子,而降水则是影响森林下部林缘树轮宽度年表树轮生长的主要气候限制因子,区域森林下部林缘年表当年轮宽指数与小渠子气象站上年7月至当年6月的降水呈显著正相关,区域森林上限年表与大西沟气象站当年2—3月的月平均气温呈正相关,这些相关具有明确的树木生理学意义;(5)区域森林上限年表经历了9个轮宽指数偏高时段和9个偏低时段,偏高时段反映当年2—3月的气温偏高,反之指示当年2—3月的气温偏低;区域森林下部林缘年表大致有5个轮宽指数偏高时段和5个偏低时段,偏高时段指示上年7月至当年6月降水偏多,反之表征上年7月至当年的降水偏少。     

玛纳斯河流域不同海拔树轮宽度年表特征及其对气候响应的对比分析

利用位于玛纳斯河流域地区不同海拔高度的6个采样点的树木年轮宽度资料,建立其宽度年表,并分别将位于上树线区域的2个年表和下树线区域的3个年表合成,得到森林上树线年表（MNU）和下树线年表（MNL）,将涝坝湾年表作为森林中部年表（MNM）。对比3个树轮宽度标准化年表的特征参数及年表对气候的响应,结果表明：（1）样本总体代表性、平均敏感度、信噪比、第一特征向量百分比随着海拔的升高而递减。（2）高频信息量随着海拔的升高而递减,而低频信息量随着海拔的升高而递增。（3）气温是制约森林上树线年表（MNU）的主要气候限制因子;而对于森林下树线年表（MNL）与森林中部年表（MNM）来说,降水起直接的正向影响作用,气温则发挥间接的反作用,均具有明确的树木生理学意义[1]。     

阿勒泰西部树轮宽度年表特征及其气候响应

利用阿勒泰西部地区8个采点的树轮资料,建立宽度年表,对比这些标准化树轮宽度年表的特征参数,并分析其与气候要素的相关性。结果表明：哈拉姆拉年表和贾登峪南年表含有相对较丰富的气候信息。森林上树线附近的哈拉姆拉年袁与该区域当年6__7月的月平均最低气温呈正相关,其相关系数为0．422,显著性水平达0．004 3,而位于森林中下部林缘的贾登峪南年表与该区域上年12月一当年2月的降水量呈正相关,其相关系数为0．523,显著性水平达0．000 2,且二者的相关具有明确的树木生理学意义。     

树轮δ13C记录的阿勒泰地区近160a夏季气温变化

利用阿尔泰山南坡东中西部三个采点的西伯利亚落叶松树轮样本,建立了三个树轮Δ13C序列,结合阿勒泰地区6个气象站的气象资料,分析了阿尔泰山树轮δ13C对气候的响应,并重建了阿勒泰地区过去160a夏季气温变化。研究表明,位于阿勒泰科勒迭难布拉克森林上线的树轮Δ13C序列对阿勒泰地区夏季气温响应较好,与7月平均气温明显正相关,相关系数达到0.608（p<0.0001）;利用树轮Δ13C可较好的重建阿勒泰地区过去160a的夏季气温;近160年来,阿勒泰地区夏季温度19世纪末有缓慢上升趋势,20世纪初,夏季温度整体偏高,40年代以后,夏季温度明显下降,直到60年代,60年代成为近160年夏季温度最低的时期,60年代至今,阿尔泰山南坡夏季气温经历了160年来最长和最为强烈的升温时期。虽然有气象观测记录以来,阿勒泰地区夏季气温升温明显,但是20世纪初夏季温度要高于近30年平均气温;重建的阿勒泰地区夏季温度 序列不仅能代表整个阿尔泰山夏季温度变化,也能够较好的代表包括北疆、中亚部分地区和俄罗斯南部大范围的夏季温度变化。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on