X波段双偏振雷达水凝物粒子相态识别应用研究

对云中水凝物粒子分类识别是双偏振雷达的主要应用之一。本文利用IAP-714XDP-A X波段双偏振雷达观测数据,在对其进行质量控制的基础上,利用滑动自适应订正算法对雷达反射率及差分反射率进行衰减订正,进而采用纹理参数SD（Z_H）和SD（?_DP）区分气象回波与非气象回波,最后建立基于X波段双偏振雷达偏振参量（Z_H、Z_DR、K_DP、ρ_HV）、环境温度T和纹理参数（SD（Z_H）、SD（?_DP））的模糊逻辑水凝物粒子分类识别算法。本文通过对2016年8月7日一次低仰角的观测,检验了纹理参数SD（Z_H）和SD（?_DP）对气象回波和非气象回波的识别效果,结果表明:SD（Z_H）与SD（?_DP）两者结合可有效区分气象回波和非气象回波;用2015年8月7日北京一次较大范围的降雹个例,对建立的模糊逻辑水凝物粒子分类识别算法进行效果验证,识别降雹落点与地面观测降雹落点一致,表明各种水凝物粒子对应偏振参量取值范围合理;对2016年9月14日一次处于不同发展阶段的多单体对流云进行水凝物粒子分类识别,结果显示处于发展阶段对流云中存在过冷水柱,其形成的微物理过程是对流云中强烈的上升气流将暖层的水滴抬升到0℃层之上形成过冷云雨水,进而冻结形成雹胚并发展成为冰雹。     

X波段双线偏振雷达回波强度衰减和地物回波识别订正

与常规雷达相比,双线偏振天气雷达在降水系统的准确探测、资料质量的提高等方面具有明显的优势,但X波段双线偏振雷达资料受衰减和地物的影响较大,需要进行必要的衰减和地物订正。本文以2010年7月中国气象局在广东阳江开展的遥感数据比对试验得到数据为例,用ZH和ZDR结合的方法对ZH进行衰减订正,用ZH和ZDR的方差识别地物回波,并利用反射率因子垂直廓线订正受地物影响的底层回波。将订正后的ZH与S波段雷达探测的ZH相比较,将订正后的ZH与KDP的散点图和拟合的KDP与ZH曲线关系对比验证。结果表明经过订正的ZH与S波段雷达探测的ZH一致性较好,与拟合曲线也更为吻合,说明方法能有效提高雷达资料的质量。     

X波段双线偏振气象雷达反射率的衰减订正

X波段天气雷达的强衰减是影响其探测精度与应用推广的主要问题.本文旨在寻求适用于降水过程中对X波段双偏振雷达进行衰减订正的一种方法.在订正前先对雷达数据进行了质量控制和预处理;在分析了国内外已有订正方法的基础上,选择并改进了自适应约束算法作为雷达反射率进行衰减订正的方法;最后进行方法的效果验证.既对衰减订正前后反射率与同...     

深圳S波段与X波段双偏振雷达在定量降水估计中的应用

双偏振多普勒天气雷达的一个重要应用是进行定量降水估计（QPE）,它可以获得反射率（Z_H）、差分反射率（Z_DR）和差传播相移率（K_dp）这些与降水粒子有关的信息,常用的双偏振雷达降水估计方法有基于Z_H的R（Z_H）、基于Z_H和Z_DR的R（Z_H,Z_DR）、基于K_dp的R（K_dp）和基于K_dp与Z_DR的R（K_dp,Z_DR）这4种。文中利用深圳市S波段和X波段双偏振多普勒雷达探测资料,结合高精度地形数据和雨滴谱仪观测数据,设计了基于双偏振量的定量降水估计方法:首先利用地形数据和雷达地理信息,分析了雷达的遮挡状况,形成了这两部雷达的复合平面扫描仰角信息;随后利用雨滴谱仪观测资料,使用T矩阵方法统计得到了深圳地区的上述4种降水反演方法的参数;最后设计了混合降水反演方法,基于双偏振信号（即K_dp和Z_DR）的强弱,使用不同的降水反演方法进行定量降水估计。基于12个降水个例,利用各反演方法产生的定量降水估计结果与雨量计观测资料比较。结果表明,混合降水反演方法在降水反演的准确度和稳定性上均优于任何一种单一定量降水估计反演方法。基于文中介绍的定量降水估计方法,使用深圳S波段和X波段雷达产生了定量降水估计产品,并与深圳目前业务定量降水估计产品进行对比评估。结果表明,使用本方法产生的定量降水估计产品在准确度和稳定性上要优于目前的业务产品。此外,X波段雷达的定量降水估计产品性能要略高于S波段雷达的定量降水估计产品,这说明高时、空分辨率的X波段雷达可以提高定量降水估计精度。但由于雷达扫描平面内双偏振雷达对融化层和冰区的偏振量观测与降水的关系尚未明确,因此,本方法仅适用于雷达扫描平面内液态降水区。      

华南一次典型雷暴过程双偏振雷达参量与闪电活动关系研究

基于2017年5月8日华南地区一次典型飑线过程, 分析了此次过程中闪电活动和-35~0℃温度层内双偏振雷达参量的分布特征以及双偏振雷达参量与闪电活动之间的关系。结果表明: 此次飑线过程中, 双偏振雷达参量与闪电频次的趋势在时间变化上有较好的一致性, 且随着闪电活动的发生及雷暴过程的增强, 双偏振雷达参量中的冰水含量、雷达反射率因子、差分反射率、差分相移率等偏振参量都有不同程度的增加, 闪电频次高峰时间段对应各个参量最大值时间段。双偏振雷达各个参量最大值与闪电活动的线性拟合关系均优于多项式拟合关系。定性地发现了双偏振雷达参量与闪电活动的关系, 可为将来将双偏振雷达参量加入到闪电临近预警预报提供一定的参考依据。      

The operational weather radar of Fossalon di Grado (Gorizia, Italy): accuracy of reflectivity and differential reflectivity measurements

Summary The error structure of radar measurements should be accurately known in order to provide reliable estimates for a number of quantitative meteorological applications, from rainfall rate estimation to cloud microphysics. The aim of this paper is to give a detailed characterization of Z _H and Z _DR measurements obtained by the weather radar of Fossalon di Grado (Gorizia, Italy). Vertical-looking observations are used to determine the system bias on differential reflectivity and to estimate the measurement error on both Z _H and Z _DR in the rain medium. It is estimated that no bias is affecting Z _DR and the accuracy of Z _H and Z _DR is 0.8 and 0.1 dB, respectively. A similar evaluation is done in the rain medium at larger ranges with the antenna pointing at low elevation angles. The long time stability of the absolute reflectivity calibration is also established by radar-rain gage inter-comparison over almost 200 hours of precipitation data collected during nearly two years. Received June 21, 2001 Revised November 13, 2001     

STUDY ON RAINFALL MEASUREMENT AND RAINDROP SPECTRA WITH THE DIFFERENTIAL REFLECTIVITY ZDR TECHNIQUE OF A DUAL LINEAR POLARIZATION RADAR*

In this paper,it is shown that the differential reflectivity Z_DR is related to drop size distribution (DSD) and the spectral shape variation of different truncated diameters.Z_DR is a sensitive function to variation of DSD of the spectra.The effects of shape variation of DSD on rainfall can be deduced with a (Z_H,Z_DR) dual-parameter technique,which is effective to improve the accuracy of rainfall measurement and is of the priority of identifying large particles of hydrometeors (especially hailstone) from the rain region.     

A 35-GHz Polarimetric Doppler Radar and Its Application for Observing Clouds Associated with Typhoon Nuri

Millimeter-wavelength radar has proved to be an effective instrument for cloud observation and research. In this study, 8-mm-wavelength cloud radar (MMCR) with Doppler and polarization capabilities was used to investigate cloud dynamics in China for the first time. Its design, system specifications, calibration, and application in measuring clouds associated with typhoon are discussed in this article. The cloud radar measurements of radar reflectivity (Z), Doppler velocity (Vr), velocity spectrum width (Sw) and the depolar-ization ratio (LDR) at vertical incidence were used to analyze the microphysical and dynamic processes of the cloud system and precipitation associated with Typhoon Nuri, which occurred in southern China in August 2008. The results show the reflectivity observed using MMCR to be consistent with the echo height and the melting-layer location data obtained by the nearby China S-band new-generation weather radar (SA), but the Ka-band MMCR provided more detailed structural information about clouds and weak precipitation data than did the SA radar. The variation of radar reflectivity and LDR in vertical structure reveals the transformation of particle phase from ice to water. The vertical velocity and velocity spectrum width of MMCR observations indicate an updraft and strong turbulence in the stratiform cloud layer. MMCR provides a valuable new technology for meteorological research in China.     

双线偏振多普勒雷达资料质量分析

以中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室的车载C波段双线偏振多普勒雷达（CPDRW）2011年完成升级改造后观测的一次大范围层状云降水过程资料为例,讨论了该设备改造后探测资料质量的改进情况及其对降水粒子的探测性能,同时利用模糊逻辑法结合地物的常规特性和偏振特性,建立了一种运用双线偏振雷达观测资料识别地物及地物与降水混合回波的方法,并利用该雷达的观测资料对识别结果进行了分析检验,最后统计分析了降水回波的差分反射率因子(Z_DR)、零滞后互相关系数(ρ_HV（0）)与信噪比的关系,以及系统初始相位的稳定性及降水资料的一致性。分析结果表明,在常规参量的基础上添加偏振参量并采用模糊逻辑法构建的综合识别模式和常规识别模式都能较好地识别地物,但综合识别模式明显改善了常规识别模式0速度区过度识别的问题,且在地物与降水回波混合的情况下叠加混合回波识别模式具有更加明显的优势。雷达改造前,Z_DR及ρ_HV（0）在信噪比小于25 dB时受噪声影响很大,测量值存在较大误差,资料变得不可信;通过这次的升级改造,其信噪比探测阈值由25 dB降低到15 dB。系统初始相位比改造前更加稳定,随仰角和时间的波动性更小。利用垂直扫描数据进行系统误差订正后的Z_DR资料能较好地反映降水粒子的实际情况,Z_DR随信噪比的变化较之改造前更加平稳,而对差传播相移Φ_DP进行分类处理后拟合的差传播相移率K_DP资料也与实际情况一致。     

Assimilation of Polarimetric Radar Data Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter for the Analysis and Forecast of Tropical Storm Ewiniar

This study explores the potential for directly assimilating polarimetric radar data (including reflectivity Z and differential reflectivity ZDR) using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to improve analysis and forecast of Tropical Storm Ewiniar (2018). Ewiniar weakened but brought about heavy rainfall over Guangdong, China after its final landfall. Two experiments are performed, one assimilating only Z and the other assimilating both Z and ZDR. Assimilation of ZDR together with Z effectively modifies hydrometeor fields, and improves the intensity, shape and position of rainbands. Forecast of 24-hour extraordinary rainfall ≥250 mm is significantly improved. Improvement can also be seen in the wind fields because of cross-variable covariance. The current study shows the possibility of applying polarimetric radar data to improve forecasting of tropical cyclones, which deserves more researches in the future.     

清远CINRAD/SA-D型气象雷达天线动态故障解析

CINRAD/SA-D型气象雷达天线动态故障一直困扰着机务人员,由于影响链路组件过多,排查困难,对于时效要求比较高雷达观测业务造成很大困扰。 本文利用清远连州雷达站2017年9月11日-9月13日雷达运行资料分析,详细解析了此次天线动态故障的排查过程和解决故障的过程,总结出一套可以借鉴的CINRAD/SA-D气象雷达天线动态故障排查方法。     

Convective Scale Structure and Evolution of a Squall Line Observed by C-Band Dual Doppler Radar in an Arid Region of Northwestern China

A long-lived and loosely organized squall line moved rapidly across Urumqi, the capital city of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China on 26 June 2005, generating hail and strong winds. The squall line was observed by a dual Doppler radar system in a field experiment conducted in 2004 and 2005 by the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences and the local meteorological bureau in northwestern China. The 3D wind fields within the squall line were retrieved through dual Doppler analyses and a variational Doppler radar analysis system (VDRAS). The formation and structure of the squall line as well as the genesis and evolution of embedded convective cells were investigated. During its life period, the squall line consisted of six storm cells extending about 100 km in length, and produced hail of about 25 mm in diameter and strong surface winds up to 11 m s^-1. Radar observations revealed a broad region of stratiform rain in a meso-β cyclone, with the squall line located to the west of this. Two meso-γ scale vortices were found within the squall line. Compared to typical squall lines in moist regions, such as Guangdong Province and Shanghai, which tend to be around 300--400 km in length, have echo tops of 17--19 km, and produce maximum surface winds of about 25 m s^-1 and temperature variations of about 8^oC this squall line system had weaker maximum reflectivity (55 dBZ), a lower echo top (13 km) and smaller extension (about 100 km), relatively little stratiform rainfall preceding the convective line, and a similar moving speed and temperature variation at the surface.     

Discrimination between hail and rain precipitation types from dual polarization radar,raingage and hailpad data

Summary Dual polarization radar data (Z _H andZ _DR) are analysed in 4 convective cells. Quite different relationships betweenZ _H andZ _DR are induced by the different hydrometer characteristics in these cells. The radar data, compiled with raingage and hailpad data obtained at the ground, show that in the mixed-phase (hail and rain) type of precipitations the differential reflectivityZ _DR is about 1.5 dB smaller than in the rain type of precipitations, without reaching zero values as in the hail type. In zones of strong precipitations the differential reflectivityZ _DR increase as the horizontal reflectivityZ _H, reaching values > 4 dB which indicate the existence of very big drops.

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Zusammenfassung Es werden in 4 GewitterzellenZ _H undZ _DR Messungen analysiert, die durch ein Doppelpolarisationsradar aufgenommen wurde. Es wird eine unterschiedliche Verteilung vonZ _H zuZ _DR je nach den Zellen anschaulich gemacht, was auf unterschiedliche mikrophysikaliche Kennzeichen der Hydrometeore hinweist. Radarmessungen und am Boden vorgenommene Regen- und Hagelmessungen zeigen, daß die Differential-ReflektivitätZ _DR in den Mischphaseniederschlägen (Regen und Hagel) um circa 1.5 dB geringer ist als in den Regenniederschlägen, ohne jedoch wie in den Hagelniederschlägen 0 dB zu erreichen. In den Zonen mit starken Niederschlägen nimmtZ _DR sowie die HorizontalreflektivitätZ _H zu, dabei erreicht sie Werte vonZ _DR > 4 dB, was auf das Vorhandensein von sehr großen Tropfen hindeutet.

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With 7 Figures     

2003年7月8日安徽系列龙卷的新一代天气雷达分析

利用合肥新一代天气雷达资料对2003年7月8日夜间发生在安徽庐江和无为县的龙卷过程进行了简要的分析。7月8日夜间至9日凌晨，与一条自西向东移动的、被包裹在大片层状雨区中的带状对流(飑线)相联系，先后有4个径向速度场上明显的小尺度涡旋特征出现在飑线的前沿。其中一个小尺度涡旋特征持续了大约2小时30分，先后在庐江和无为县产生了龙卷。特别是在无为产生的龙卷，造成了严重的生命和财产损失，其级别为F2～F3，属于较强龙卷。分析表明，此次龙卷为非超级单体龙卷，在反射率因子图上几乎没有任何特征，而在径向速度图上呈现为明显的小尺度涡旋特征，说明新一代天气雷达的使用大大增强了对龙卷的探测能力。     

2009年6月3日商丘市强飑线过程分析

利用商丘新一代天气雷达（CINRAD／SB）观测资料,以及MICAPS资料和自动气象站观测资料,对2009年6月3日发生在商丘的一次以大风为主,并伴有降水、雷电发生的强飑线天气过程进行了分析。分析表明：地面辐合线是这次强对流和飑线天气过程的触发机制。高空冷涡后部冷空气南下,近地层为暖中心,形成了上冷下暖的位势不稳定层结;风力突增、气压涌升、气温骤降、湿度猛升等气象要素变化符合飑线特征。飑线最大回波强度达69dBz,最大负径向速度值达-37m／s,强回波区呈“厂”字形,位于回波区前沿,移动速度快,并具有径向风速辐合等特征。径向速度场上表现为高层负径向速度中心值的迅速减小和低层负径向速度中心值的快速增大。     

2009年6月3日商丘市强飑线过程分析

利用商丘新一代天气雷达(CINRAD/SB)观测资料,以及MICAPS资料和自动气象站观测资料,对2009年6月3日发生在商丘的一次以大风为主,并伴有降水、雷电发生的强飑线天气过程进行了分析。分析表明:地面辐合线是这次强对流和飑线天气过程的触发机制。高空冷涡后部冷空气南下,近地层为暖中心,形成了上冷下暖的位势不稳定层结;风力突增、气压涌升、气温骤降、湿度猛升等气象要素变化符合飑线特征。飑线最大回波强度达69 dBz,最大负径向速度值达-37 m/s,强回波区呈"厂"字形,位于回波区前沿,移动速度快,并具有径向风速辐合等特征。径向速度场上表现为高层负径向速度中心值的迅速减小和低层负径向速度中心值的快速增大。     

广州X波段双偏振相控阵天气雷达数据质量初步分析及应用

为提高X波段双偏振相控阵雷达(XPAR-D)数据质量,采用自适应约束订正方法对反射率因子Z_H、差分反射率因子Z_DR进行质量控制;利用广州S波段双偏振雷达(CINRAD/SAD)和地面二维雨滴谱观测对XPAR-D雷达的数据质量进行分析,结果表明XPAR-D雷达与CINRAD/SAD雷达的回波强度基本一致,由于XPAR-D雷达灵敏度较低,导致对弱回波的探测能力低于CINRAD/SAD雷达。将XPAR-D雷达测量的反射率因子Z_H与雨滴谱仪反演的Z_H对比,两者相变化趋势基本一致;XPAR-D雷达差分反射率Z_DR、差分相移率K_DP与Z_H的一致性较好,其中K_DP约是CINRAD/SAD雷达的3.3倍;XPAR-D雷达偏振参量能有效反映融化层的偏振特征;一次局地性强降水的观测结果表明相控阵雷达能够精细监测降水的触发、演变过程以及不同降水强度的微物理特征。      

青藏高原对流云的偏振雷达观测研究

利用可移动式C波段双偏振雷达（C-POL）,以及那曲新一代天气雷达（CINRAD/CD）于2014年7月30日和8月5日在西藏那曲地区的观测资料,并通过双多普勒雷达风场反演、偏振雷达相态识别,清晰展示了这两次高原冰雹云发生发展的动力、微物理、热力结构特征。结果表明:青藏高原地区的对流云多在午后出现,水平及垂直尺度不大,但是对流云发生频繁、生消快,一般持续几十分钟。从RHI扫描的水平偏振反射率因子（Z_H）、差分反射率因子（Z_DR）,以及反演的相态（Class）分布上可以明显看出,粒子跟随"0线"抬高,不断增长,回波强度也越来越大,并最终超过主上升气流从另一侧降落,形成冰雹墙的整个动力与微物理过程。从连续时次的RHI上还观测到一次对流单体发生、发展过程中相态从湿雪到冰雹的变化,单体刚刚触发时,回波高度不高,强度还很弱,但是却出现成片的湿雪区域,说明上升气流非常旺盛,将本来落到0℃层以下的未完全融化的湿雪重新带到0℃层以上,通过凝华、凇附、攀附等物理过程,仅仅10多分钟,这些湿雪就能够迅速增长成为冰雹。这些湿雪重新凝结过程中,释放潜热,进一步促进了不稳定结构,加强了上升气流和下沉气流。因此,如果某个刚刚生成的弱回波区域内,在融化层以上出现大量的湿雪,往往预示着该区域上升气流强劲,会迅速发展成强回波单体。      

Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters Retrieved from Xinfeng C-Band Polarimetric Radar Observations

The objective of this research was to acquire a raindrop size distribution (DSDs) retrieved from C-band polarimetric radar observations scheme for the first time in south China.An observation period of the precipitation process was selected,and the shape-slope (μ-Λ) relationship of this region was statistically analyzed using the raindrop sample observations from the two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) at Xinfeng Station,Guangdong Province.Simulated data of the C-band polarimetric radar reflectivity Z_(HH)and differential reflectivity Z_(DR)were obtained through scattering simulation.The simulation data were combined with DSD fitting to determine the Z_(DR)-Λand log_(10)(Z_(HH)/N_0)-Λrelationships.Using Xinfeng C-band polarimetric radar observations Z_(DR)and Z_(HH),the raindrop Gamma size distribution parametersμ,Λ,and N_0were retrieved.A scheme for using C-band polarimetric radar to retrieve the DSDs was developed.This research revealed that during precipitation process,the DSDs obtained using the C-band polarimetric radar retrieval scheme are similar to the 2DVD observations,the precipitation characteristics of rainfall intensity (R),mass-weighted mean diameter (D_m) and intercept parameter (N_w) with time obtained by radar retrieval are basically consistent with the observational results of the 2DVD.This scheme establishes the relationship between the observations of the C-band polarimetric radar and the physical quantities of the numerical model.This method not only can test the prediction of the model data assimilation system on the convective scale and determine error sources,but also can improve the microphysical precipitation processes analysis and radar quantitative precipitation estimation.The present research will facilitate radar data assimilation in the future.     

X 波段双极化雷达对云中水凝物粒子的相态识别

人工影响天气研究需对云中降水粒子的相态和分布结构进行准确识别,以便提高人工影响天气作业效率.中国科学院大气物理研究所的车载X波段双极化雷达可提供与云中降水粒子大小、形状、相态等特征密切相关的4个极化参数:反射率因子、差分反射率、差分相移率、水平和垂直极化相关系数.利用这4个极化参数加上环境温度作为5个输入参量,建立了降水粒子相态模糊逻辑识别算法,识别的降水粒子有10种:毛毛雨、雨、湿霰、干霰、小雹、大雹、雨加雹、湿雪、干雪、冰晶.利用此雷达的实际观测资料,并与地面和飞机空中实测资料对照,对我国南、北方地区观测的降水天气过程进行分析,结果表明:建立的模糊逻辑算法对云内水凝物粒子的相态识别分类合理.