多普勒雷达资料的直接同化对降雨预报的影响

利用中尺度数值模式WRFV3.1及其三维变分同化系统WRFVAR3.1,对2008年8月10日奥运期间北京地区发生的一次强对流天气过程进行了多普勒雷达资料变分同化试验,并对同化结果和降水预报进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)雷达资料的同化能有效改善初始场中风场、水汽、温度场的空间分布、量值大小,使其包含更多中尺度信息;(2)雷达反射率同化对大气的湿度场和温度场影响较大,而雷达径向速度同化则主要调整大气的风场;(3)对短时0～6h内的降水预报,反射率的同化对降水预报改善明显,径向速度的同化对降水预报影响相对较小,而两者的联合同化降水预报效果最好;(4)雷达资料的同化对较长时间6～12h的降水预报仍有较好效果。     

多普勒天气雷达资料在数值模式ARPS中的试验

利用中尺度预报模式ARPS及其资料分析系统ADAS和三维变分同化系统ARPS3DVAR,直接加入多普勒天气雷达基数据反射率因子和径向速度资料进行数值预报试验。试验包括：控制试验、反射率因子同化试验、径向速度同化试验,两种资料同时同化,多时次连续同化等试验。通过模拟2009年7月7日发生在江苏省附近一次暴雨过程,分析了多普勒天气雷达反射率因子和径向速度资料不同组合的加入对改进模式初始湿度场、风场及预报结果的影响。结果表明：同化雷达反射率因子和径向速度资料,分别对湿度场和风场有显著调整;同时同化两种资料比单独同化在2 h内更显优势;多时次连续同时同化两种资料的试验比起其他试验预报的风速更接近探空风速,预报的降水位置与雷达3 h累积降水产品较为对应,但降水量的预报仍有偏差。     

多部多普勒天气雷达资料同化对暴雨个例模拟的影响分析

利用中尺度模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)及其资料同化系统3DVAR,将国内多普勒天气雷达(CINRAD)反射率因子及径向风资料直接用于中尺度数值模拟;对安徽梅雨期一次暴雨过程进行模拟试验,经过质量控制后,分析同时同化安徽省内六部多普勒天气雷达观测资料对模拟结果的影响。结果表明:(1)经过质量控制后,同化雷达径向风和反射率因子对初始场的风场和湿度场均有较为明显的改善,说明用该雷达资料质量控制方案同化雷达资料是可行的;(2)同化多部雷达径向速度资料能使风场气旋性增强,同化反射率资料能调整初始水汽场,使对流层中下层水汽含量增加;(3)同化多部雷达径向风和反射率因子资料,能提前模拟出强降水回波结构,且其中尺度特征更清晰,降水落区和强度预报更接近实况,同化雷达资料对降水预报能持续影响到12 h,并提高了12 h降水预报准确率。     

GRAPES-3Dvar雷达资料直接同化对江淮暴雨数值预报影响的分析研究

使用具备多普勒霄达资料直接同化功能的GRAPES-3Dvar同化系统,对2007年7月江淮流域连续性暴雨过程中4个个例进行了数值预报试验,结果表明多普勒径向速度以及基本反射率因子的直接同化可以有效改进中尺度降水数值预报的效果.对7月3 日雷达资料联合同化以及单独同化对分析和预报影响的进一步分析显示,联合同化能够有效改善初始分析场中的风场和湿度信息,激发模式降水,减小SPIN-UP现象,中尺度系统降水的发生发展以及强度、走势和落区的预报得到较为准确的表征,显著改善了中尺度强降水数值预报效果.径向速度的直接同化主要贡献表现在风场上,能够在初始场中增加气旋性涡旋等中小尺度风信息,改善三维风场分析.反射率直接同化的主要影响体现在湿度场上,改进了初始场中的湿度参数,对降水预报影响明显.     

一次大暴雨过程的多普勒雷达资料同化的敏感性试验

利用WRF中尺度模式及WRF-3DVAR变分同化系统和LAPS雷达资料前处理模块建立试验平台,直接同化S波段多普勒雷达反射率和径向速度资料,通过对2008年8月15-16日发生在我国长江中游的一次大暴雨过程的各项预报对比试验研究,初步检验和评估不同种类多普勒雷达观测数据同化对改进数值模式初始场及其数值预报能力的影响及作用.初步结果表明:多普勒雷达资料同化对提高暴雨数值预报能力有重要作用.无论在24 h累计降水还是在逐时降水预报方面,同化多普勒雷达资料均可使降水雨带分布和强降水中心预报的准确性得到较大改善;多普勒雷达反射率资料同化对初始水汽场的改变显著,对初始风场影响较小,而同化径向速度对初始水汽场的改变较小,但可增加初始风场的中小尺度信息,使初始风场产生较大变化.总体上看,虽然雷达反射率和径向速度资料同化均可改进强暴雨的数值预报,但雷达反射率资料同化对降水雨带和中心预报的改进更为显著和重要.     

多普勒雷达资料同化对北京“7.21”大暴雨过程模拟的影响

利用新一代中尺度预报模式WRFV3.6及其三维变分同化系统(WRF-3DVAR),对2012年7月21日北京地区的一次暴雨过程进行多普勒天气雷达径向风和反射率的同化试验研究,检验和探讨高时空分辨率多普勒天气雷达资料在改进模式初始场及提高对暴雨过程预报的准确率等方面的应用效果及意义。结果发现雷达资料同化能在初始场中加入反映产生降水的低层风场辐合的动力和锋前暖区充足的水汽条件的物理信息,可以在模式积分开始后改善初始场中水汽和风的分布,较快地模拟出局地对流系统的发生、发展,改善由于中尺度观测资料不足而造成的模式初始场里中尺度信息缺乏的问题。径向速度的同化增加了中尺度信息,对初始流场的调整较为显著,侧重于改进风场。而雷达反射率资料的同化对初始温、湿度场和强回波位置的调整更明显,侧重于改进湿度场。累计降水的预报结果显示,同化径向风资料对雨带的位置、范围有较好的改进,同化雷达反射率资料对暴雨强度的预报有明显的改善。通过降水ETS评分发现,同化常规观测试验相对于控制实验,对于5、15 mm和25 mm降水评分能增加0.1左右,径向风同化试验能增加0.2左右,反射率同化试验能增加0.3左右,而径向风加反射率试验增加的评分介于0.2～0.3。雷达资料对于提高定量降水预报的精确度有着重要作用。     

雷达资料同化在局地强对流预报中的应用

采用ARPS模式的资料分析系统ADAS同化多普勒雷达径向速度和反射率因子资料,分析两者对初始场的改进作用,并应用于WRF中尺度模式中对2012年8月21日江西省一次局地强对流过程进行了模拟试验。分析结果表明:（1）ADAS同化系统能够利用雷达径向速度和反射率因子资料有效增加初始场中的中小尺度风场信息和云、水物质含量,并通过湿绝热或非绝热初始化对温度场、湿度场和风场进行调整,使初始场在动力和热力上达到平衡。（2）同化径向速度后对改善模式初始场的动力场有重要贡献,而对大气水凝物和降水的预报影响较小;同化反射率因子的主要作用是调整初始场中的水凝物场和热力场,有效缩短了模式的“ spin-up”时间,明显改进了定量降水预报;同时同化雷达径向速度和反射率因子后,初始场中快速调整出了中小尺度风场水平辐合、垂直运动以及合理的温、湿分布,对3小时内雨带形状、降水落区及定量降水的预报与实况更接近。（3）模拟试验表明,同时同化径向速度和反射率因子能成功模拟出本次对流单体风暴的中β尺度三维空间分布结构及其演变过程,中低层切变线的辐合抬升强迫作用是对流单体风暴组织、发展和维持的主要动力机制之一,对流凝结潜热加热在对流单体风暴的发生发展中发挥了重要作用。因此,雷达资料同化对提高临近数值天气预报的准确率以及对强对流天气系统的模拟能力具有重要意义。     

天气雷达反射率资料订正前后在ARPS模式中的同化试验对比

以TRMM/PR反射率资料作参照,对常州、南京天气雷达反射率资料进行一致性订正,再利用中尺度模式ARPS及其数据同化系统ADAS对订正前、后的天气雷达反射率因子进行同化,模拟2013年6月25日和2010年8月24日江苏地区两次暴雨过程。两次暴雨过程均包括3组试验:控制试验和雷达资料订正前、后的同化试验。结果表明:(1)雷达反射率因子的同化很好地改进了模式初始湿度场,使降水预报在分布和强度上更接近实况;(2)雷达资料的订正进一步改进了反射率因子同化试验,并且通过调整初始湿度场和上升运动场(调整作用主要体现在前2~3 h内)改善了对降水的模拟预报,其结果证明雷达反射率因子的订正改善了雷达资料的质量。     

雷达资料同化对一次飑线过程的模拟影响

雷达资料同化能够改善强对流天气的预报,但是不同的模式方案配置会得到不同的结果。本文针对中国南部2018年3月4日一次飑线过程,以全球预报模式GFS分析场和预报场为背景场,采用中尺度区域气象预报模式ARPS 3DVAR系统同化多普勒雷达径向速度,用云分析处理反射率数据,考虑同化间隔、频次、云分析中不同参数调整,采用1 h同化窗口,设计不同同化方案,最后用WRF模式进行预报,研究雷达资料同化对飑线系统触发及发展机制的影响。结果表明,同化间隔过短时,由于模式热动力变量没有平衡产生虚假回波,同化间隔过长时,系统触发和发展的特征普遍偏弱;采用12 min间隔同化得到了最好的初始场,并且同化频次越高得到的降水预报结果越好。此外,ARPS云分析能大大改善初始场,减少模式自调整时间,其中湿度调整、温度调整、雨水调整及水汽调整对系统动力过程和水凝物初始场分布都有较大的影响,而垂直速度相关参数调整影响较小。     

雷达降水资料一维变分同化研究——湿度廓线调整

采用η坐标中尺度有限区域模式进行了数字化天气雷达探测降水资料的一维变分(1DVAR)同化试验,结果表明充分利用高时空分辨率的雷达降水资料所包含的丰富的中尺度信息,调整湿度廓线,从而改善模式初始湿度场,能有效提高模式暴雨预报能力。“98·7”鄂东沿江特大暴雨的数值试验结果表明,应用1DVAR方法同化1h雷达降水资料调整模式湿度廓线后,极大地缩小了分析降水与观测降水间的差距,而且24h预报能模拟出与实际降水发生区域相对应的位于鄂东的大暴雨区,而变分前模式预报效果不佳。进一步的分析表明,应用雷达降水资料对短时预报(0～12h)的改进更为显著,而对12h之后降水预报的改善则不明显。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.