基于RAMS/CFORS Ⅱ模式一次低空核试验放射性烟云扩散的数值模拟

采用RAMS／CFORS Ⅱ模式模拟了一次低空核试验烟云的传输和沉降过程。CFORS Ⅱ模式是在RAMS／CFORS模式的基础上开发的,可用于对核试验放射性烟云长距离输送和沉降过程的模拟研究。模拟表明：对流层中低层的低压槽系统对本次低空核试验烟云的水平传输和垂直扩散起着重要的影响作用;烟云的长距离传输速度呈现出随高度递减而减小的趋势,在6000m以上,烟云在爆后48h即东移入海,6000m以下,烟云在中国大陆的扩散和沉降维持了5d以上;爆后2天内以大粒子沉降为主,其后以小粒子沉降为主,小粒子的放射性远小于大粒子,在爆后第4天,放射性沉降就减小了3个量级,而小粒子的沉降范围是大粒子的5倍以上。通过模拟和观测对比表明,模拟结果基本符合实际烟云的传输和沉降态势。     

基于RAMS/CFORS II模式一次低空核试验放射性烟云扩散的数值模拟

采用RAMS/CFORS II模式模拟了一次低空核试验烟云的传输和沉降过程。CFORS II模式是在RAMS/CFORS模式的基础上开发的,可用于对核试验放射性烟云长距离输送和沉降过程的模拟研究。模拟表明：对流层中低层的低压槽系统对本次低空核试验烟云的水平传输和垂直扩散起着重要的影响作用;烟云的长距离传输速度呈现出随高度递减而减小的趋势,在6 000 m以上,烟云在爆后48 h即东移入海,6 000 m以下,烟云在中国大陆的扩散和沉降维持了5 d以上;爆后2天内以大粒子沉降为主,其后以小粒子沉降为主,小粒子的放射性远小于大粒子,在爆后第4天,放射性沉降就减小了3个量级,而小粒子的沉降范围是大粒子的5倍以上。通过模拟和观测对比表明,模拟结果基本符合实际烟云的传输和沉降态势。     

2009年广州南沙区大排放量污染源的扩散输送特征

利用由中尺度MM5模式修改后的一个方便实用的多尺度大气扩散模式模拟的逐日大气污染物扩散数据,对广州市南沙区一个拟建项目进行大气环境影响评估.该模式将排放源设在南沙万顷沙,排气口高40m,代表有组织排放高度,覆盖珠江三角洲大部分地区.通过对SO2扩散月平均模拟结果的分析,结果表明:1 ～12月,模拟所得的南沙石化项目释放...     

M—γ尺度动力模式在SO2扩散数值模拟中的应用

引言在环境影响评价领域,高斯烟流模式被广泛应用于大气污染物的输送扩散计算,由于推导高斯烟流模式的假设条件要求风矢量与湍流扩散系数的时空结构为定常,与实际情况存在很大的偏离,而用逼近真实环境风温场结构的三维动力模式来进行污染物传输过程的数值模拟有其重要意义。本文即采用Ｍ—∪尺度动力模式对太原市ＳＯ２的传输扩散进行了数值模拟个例分析,分析模拟结果表明,Ｍ—∪尺度动力模式可用于大气污染物的数值模拟,能够反映太原市的ＳＯ２浓度分布状况。１Ｍ—∪尺度动力模式简介Ｍ—∪尺度动力模式是基于由地形动力、热力强迫…     

三维大气扩散粒子分裂(ADPS)模式

本文描述了基于PIC方法的三维大气扩散粒子分裂(ADPS)模式,并用解析解和1988年的广州地区现场观测资料验证了本模式.模式根据局地均匀和定常假设引入大粒子概念、烟团扩散原理和大粒子分裂技术,并运用了嵌套网格.ADPS模式用于模拟气态污染物在大气中的散布,同时也具备模拟TSP扩散的效能.     

赤道中东太平洋海温正距平对冬季大气环流的影响

本文采用的是九层全球谱模式模拟的中东太平洋海温正、异常之间的差值流场,利用正规模对其进行分解,通过对所得的Ro-ssby波、重力波、kelvin波不同时间尺度和波长尺度差值流场的分析,讨论北半球冬季的大气对中东太平洋海温正距平的响应以及由此产生的对全球大气环流和气候的影响。     

黄山地区复杂地形下污染气体输送过程的数值模拟

使用新一代大气化学传输模式WRF—Chem,模拟了黄山地区2008年4月26日和5月2日不同天气背景下污染气体的输送过程。结果表明：晴天条件下,污染气体的垂直输送主要是通过山谷风环流,将山底污染物垂直向山顶输送,黄山周边地区输送对光明顶污染物体积分数影响较小,气溶胶粒子的主要来源是新粒子生成;云雾天气下,污染物的垂直输送主要是通过边界层内的湍流扩散,夜间近距离输送对光明顶污染物体积分数贡献较大,气溶胶粒子的主要来源是地面输送。     

修正的拉格朗日K模式及其在区域尺度中的应用

本文建立了模拟区域尺度的大气污染物输送与扩散过程的拉格朗日K模式，该模式结构简单，计算量小。初始浓度场采用高斯烟流扩散模式确定大气污染物的垂直分布，克服了区域模式在近距离短时间预测浓度精度不高的缺点。应用修正的拉格朗日K模式预测了江苏省区域排放的SO2在大气中输送与散布过程，验证结果表明该模式的精度能够满足区域环境污染物分布预测等环境应用的需要。     

修正的拉朗日K模式及其在区域尺度中的应用

本文建立了模拟区域尺度的大气污染物输送与扩散过程的拉格朗日Ｋ模式，该模式结构简单，计算量小。初始浓度场采用高斯烟流扩散模式确定大气污染物的垂直分布，克服了区域模式在近距离短时间预测浓度精度不高的缺点。应用修正的拉格朗日Ｋ模式预测上江苏省区域排放的ＳＯ２在大气中输送与散布过程，验证结果表明该模式的精度能够满足区域环境污染物分布预测等环境应用的需要。     

青藏高原沙漠化对东亚沙尘气溶胶的敏感性模拟分析

为了认识青藏高原严重沙漠化将产生的沙尘气溶胶及其影响,利用全球气溶胶气候模式CAM3.1对青藏高原沙漠化进行了敏感性模拟试验,进而探讨了高原沙漠对东亚大气气溶胶的最大可能贡献。结果表明,青藏高原上潜在的起沙源区主要分布在临近柴达木盆地的高原西部、藏南地区以及青南高原;高原起沙量春季最大,秋季次之,冬季第三,夏季最小。沙漠化的高原除了显著增加了高原上大气沙尘气溶胶的浓度,也显著增加了中国中西部地区近地面大气边界层的沙尘气溶胶浓度,远距离传输至中国中西部地区、东伸到达中国东海岸,甚至朝鲜半岛、日本直至太平洋上空对流层中部的沙尘气溶胶浓度同样增加明显。青藏高原沙源在近源区(即青藏高原及周边地区)的高贡献主要在低层,而在远源区(如日本岛南部海域及中太平洋区域)的贡献主要在高层。高原沙尘气溶胶极易被扬升到西风带,成为全球最高效率的沙尘远程传输源地。青藏高原沙漠化可能使其成为全球重要的沙尘气溶胶源地。     

Convective plumes in the atmospheric boundary layer as observed with an acoustic Doppler sodar

The vertical velocity field and the convective plumes in the atmospheric boundary layer have been observed during morning hours with the acoustic Doppler sounder of the C.R.P.E. A method for plume determination using acoustic soundings in the well-mixed layer is presented. Using Telford's 1970 and Manton's 1975 models, a comparison is made between the predictions of the models and the plume properties as observed by the Doppler sodar. The mean plume velocity is found to be parabolic. It is shown, restricting Monin and Obukhov similarity to conditions inside plumes and using only vertical velocity within plumes, that the observed convective plumes carry nearly sixty percent of the sensible heat flux at the top of the surface layer.     

Estimation of the dispersion of an accidental release of radionuclides and toxic materials based on weather type classification

We investigate the influence of the regional-scale weather types on the atmospheric dispersion processes of the air pollutants originated from point sources. Hypothetical accidents were simulated with two different dispersion models. During a year’s test period, the 6-h emission of a radionuclide from the Paks Nuclear Power Plant (Paks NPP, Hungary) was assumed every day and the transport and deposition of the radionuclide was simulated by the Eulerian TREX dispersion model over the Central European region. In addition, the ALOHA Gaussian air dispersion model was also used for the local environment of the Paks NPP to simulate hypothetical hourly releases of ammonia during a 10-year period. During both types of model simulations, the dispersion of the plume for each time was analysed and tested with consideration of 13 circulation types corresponding to daily weather patterns over the Carpathian Basin. There are significant correlations between circulation types and plume directions and structures both in local and regional scales. The daily circulation pattern can be easily obtained from weather analyses; the expected size and direction of polluted area after an accidental release can be quickly estimated even before an accident occurs. However, this fast method cannot replace or neglect dispersion model simulations. It gives a ‘first guess’ and a fast estimation on the direction of the plume and can provide sufficient information for decision-making strategies.     

The Interference of Higher-Order Statistics of the Concentration Field Produced by Two Point Sources According to a Generalized Fluctuating Plume Model

The higher-order correlation functions for the concentrationfluctuations arising from a two-point-source configuration have beencalculated analytically within the context of the phenomenology of afluctuating plume model (viz., a meandering plume model that explicitlyincorporates internal fluctuations). Explicit expressions for thesecond-, third-, and fourth-order correlationfunctions between the concentrationfluctuations produced by two point sources are given in terms of the sourceseparation d and the five physically based parameters that define thegeneralized fluctuating plume model: namely, the absolute plume dispersion,_a, which determines the outer plume length scale; the relative plume dispersion, _r, which determines the inner plume length scale; the fluctuation intensity, i_r, in relative coordinates, which determines the internal concentration fluctuation level; the correlation coefficient, r,between the positions of the centroids of the two interfering plumes; and,the correlation coefficient, r^*, between the concentration fluctuationsof the two plumes in relative coordinates, which determines the degree ofinternal mixing of the two scalars. Furthermore, the form of the totalconcentration probability density function arising from the interferenceproduced by two point sources is presented. Predictions for the second-ordercorrelation function, , and for the total concentration probabilitydensity function have been compared with some new experimental data fora two-point-source configuration in grid turbulence generated in awater-channel simulation. These results are in good agreement with the dataand suggest that the analytical model for the second-order correlationfunction and the total concentration probability density function canreproduce many qualitative trends in the interaction of plumes from twosources.     

Atmospheric boundary-layer measurements of concentration statistics from isolated and multiple sources

Atmospheric tracer dispersion experiments have been carried out to measure the statistical characteristics (variance, frequency distribution, spectrum) of the concentration downwind of a pair of partly overlapping plumes. By releasing different tracer substances from each source, it was possible to identify the contributions of the two sources at a given measurement point, both separately and jointly, and thus to compare and interpret the joint statistics in terms of those from the individual sources.Statistics for the individual sources agree well with, and support, existing wind tunnel and theoretical results. Nondimensionalization of the data using the mean concentration and the lateral width of the plume as concentration and length scales successfully removes much of the variation due to changes in atmospheric and surface conditions.Measurements of the correlation between the concentration contributions from separated sources are consistent with recent wind tunnel measurements. Entirely new measurements of the frequency distribution of the combined concentration from a pair of sources show that in many situations, high concentrations relative to the mean occur much less frequently than for an isolated source. Generally the extent of the reduction in frequency of occurrence is inversely related to the degree of correlation between concentrations from the two sources.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY FOR MECHANISM OF THE EFFECT OF NORTHERN SUMMER ARCTIC ICE COVER ON THE GLOBAL SHORTRANGE CLIMATE CHANGE

In terms of nine-layer global spectral model involving fuller parameterization of physical process,with arhomboidal truncation at wavenumber 15,experiments are conducted by virtue of two numerical schemes,one withlong-range mean coverage of Arctic ice,and the other with supercooled water at the same temperature as the ice,fol-lowed by an analysis of the difference field simulated by the two schemes.Results show that(1)the impact of Arctic iceon the northern short-range climate is realized through the change in polar ice coverage to cause local temperaturechange in the polar region to set up gradient difference in temperature from north to south,thus affecting the atmospher-ic circulations and,on the other hand,two trains of two-dimensional Rossby waves excited by the atmospheric heatsource anomaly have impacts on the Northern Hemisphere(NH)extratropical region,one of which is similar to the JPteleconnection pattern first presented by Nitta(1987);(2)The significant impact of Arctic ice anomaly on the southernshort-range climate change is accomplished with the aid of the anomaly of the equatorial heat source that excites a two-dimensional Rossby wavetrain propagating along a great circle route into the Southern Hemisphere(SH)extratropics,and the cross-equatorial propagation of the NH wavetrain also has effects on the SH atmosphere.Simulation indicatesthat with the 15-day integration the Arctic ice exerts an influence mainly on the NH and when the model atmosphere isgetting stabilized,the effect is dominantly on the SH short-range climate change.     

Some Aspects of Atmospheric Dispersion in the Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layer over Homogeneous Terrain

The ability to simulate atmospheric dispersion with models developed for applied use under stable atmospheric stability conditions is discussed. The paper is based on model simulations of three experimental data sets reported in the literature. The Hanford data set covered weakly stable conditions, the Prairie Grass experiments covered both weakly stable and very stable atmospheric conditions, and the Lillestrøm experiment was carried out during very stable conditions. Simulations of these experiments reported in the literature for eight different models are discussed. Applied models based on the Gaussian plume model concept with the spread parameters described in terms of the Pasquill stability classification or Monin–Obukhov similarity relationships are used. Other model types are Lagrangian particle models which also are parameterized in terms of Monin–Obukhov similarity relationships. The applied models describe adequately the dispersion process in a weakly stable atmosphere, but fail during very stable atmospheric conditions. This suggests that Monin–Obukhov similarity theory is an adequate tool for the parameterization of the input parameters to atmospheric dispersion models during weakly stable conditions, but that more detailed parameterisations including other physical processes than those covered by the Monin–Obukhov theory should be developed for the very stable atmosphere.     

Numerical Study of Dual-Plume Interference in a Turbulent Boundary Layer

Direct numerical simulation is used to investigate the interference arising from the dispersion of passive scalar plumes released from a pair of point sources in a fully-developed wall-bounded shear flow. Four different lateral separations of the two sources for both near ground-level and elevated releases are considered. The downwind evolution of the correlation between the plume concentrations along the centreline between the two sources and the behaviour of the lateral profiles of the correlation at various locations downwind of the two sources are examined in detail. Differences in the exceedance probability over a high concentration level for a single plume and the total plume are highlighted and studied, and the effects of destructive and constructive interferences on the exceedance probabilities for the total plume are used to explain these differences. One significant result is that all higher-order (third-order and above) moments of the total concentration can be inferred from the application of a clipped-gamma distribution using the information embodied in only the first- and second-order concentration moments of each single plume, and in the cross-correlation coefficient of the instantaneous concentration of the two plumes.     

Dispersion Modelling of the Kilauea Plume

Emissions from the Kilauea volcano pose significant environmental and health risksto the Hawaiian community. This paper describes progress toward simulating theconcentration and dispersion of plumes of volcanic aerosol after they emanate from thePu'u O'o vent of the Kilauea volcano.In order to produce an accurate regional forecast of the concentration and dispersionof volcanic aerosol, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory(HY-SPLIT) model was used. Wind fields and thermodynamic data from the non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Spectral Model (MSM) were employed as input for theHY-SPLIT model. A combination of satellite remote sensing, aircraft, and ground-based observations collected during a field experiment was used to validate the model simulation of aerosol distribution.The HY-SPLIT model shows skill in reproducing the plume shape, orientation, and concentration gradients as deduced from satellite images of aerosol optical depth.Comparison of the modelled and observed values suggests that the model was able to produce reasonable plume concentrations and spatial gradients downwind of the source. Model concentrations were generally less than those observed on the leeward side of the Island of Hawaii. This deficiency may be explained by a lack of (i) background concentrations, (ii) local sources of pollution and/or (iii) sea-breeze circulation in the prognostic input wind field. These results represent early progress toward the goal of future operational application of the HY-SPLIT model to predict volcanic aerosol concentrations in Hawaii. This may help mitigate their negative impacts of plumes respiratory health, agriculture, and general aviation.     

Effect of Vertical Wind Shear on Concentration Fluctuation Statistics in a Point Source Plume

Measurements of concentration fluctuation intensity, intermittency factor, and integral time scale were made in a water channel for a plume dispersing in a well-developed, rough surface, neutrally stable, boundary layer, and in grid-generated turbulence with no mean velocity shear. The water-channel simulations apply to full-scale atmospheric plumes with very short averaging times, on the order of 1–4 min, because plume meandering was suppressed by the water-channel side walls. High spatial and temporal resolution vertical and crosswind profiles of fluctuations in the plume were obtained using a linescan camera laser-induced dye tracer fluorescence technique. A semi-empirical algebraic mean velocity shear history model was developed to predict these concentration statistics. This shear history concentration fluctuation model requires only a minimal set of parameters to be known: atmospheric stability, surface roughness, vertical velocity profile, and vertical and crosswind plume spreads. The universal shear history parameter used was the mean velocity shear normalized by surface friction velocity, plume travel time, and local mean wind speed. The reference height at which this non-dimensional shear history was calculated was important, because both the source and the receptor positions influence the history of particles passing through the receptor position.     

The dispersion of chemically reactive species in the atmospheric boundary layer

Summary The role of turbulence in the dispersion of atmospheric pollutants that react with linear (decay) and nonlinear (second-order) chemical reactions is examined. The most relevant processes that drive the reactivity of species emitted in a surface area or released by a point source are studied by deriving the dimensionless scaling numbers from equations for the atmospheric turbulent reacting flow. The first number is the ratio of the time scale of turbulence to the time scale of the chemical reaction, namely the Damköhler number. The second number is the ratio of the concentrations of the species present in the chemical transformations. In this paper, model results and experimental studies of turbulent reacting flows in the atmospheric boundary layer are presented to show the modifications and control exerted by turbulence on the atmospheric chemistry as a function of these numbers and processes. We also discuss how the chemical transformation is affected when species are in a state of chemical equilibrium.By studying the plume dispersion of a reactant, that decays with a simple chemical reaction, one can analyse the dependence of concentration fluctuations on the Damköhler number. The study is extended to plumes that react nonlinearly. In such reacting systems, the large gradients and segregation of species result in a significant reduction in the reaction rates. Because of this modification, the chemistry of species related to NO_x and HO_x can be very different from the chemistry in conditions where the species are uniformly mixed. The lack of complete observational evidence is hampering our understanding of these processes and our evaluation of numerical modelling results. Finally, we discuss briefly how to represent, in the form of a parameterization, the effect that turbulence can have on the reactivity of species emitted by a point source or an area source.