气候变化对东北区粮食产量的影响及其适应性对策

采用作物生长发育和产量形成对气温、降水等资源环境条件的反应函数，建立了在气候变化条件下粮食产量变率理论推算模式，分析了在主要农作物生长季气温升、降１—２℃与降水增、减１０％—２０％的各种组合条件下，东北各地粮、豆作物产量的变化，提出了适应气候变化的农业对策。结果表明，气候变化对产量影响较大，地域差异明显。气温升、降１℃，粮、豆单产将升、降２％－４０％，东北部变幅大于西南部；降水量增、减１０％，西、西南部粮食产量将增加或减少１０％左右，东南部则相反。各地应根据其影响情况采取不同的农业生产对策，如调整作物品种布局和种植结构，加强灾害防御，以确保粮食生产长期持续稳定地发展。     

山东省气候变化及农业自然灾害对粮食产量的影响

根据山东省196l～2000年气象与粮食产量资料,利用统计分析方法,分析了气候变化、农业自然灾害对粮食产量的影响。研究表明：①20世纪60年代以来,山东省气候有变暖和变干的趋势,各季节中,变暖趋势最明显的是冬季,变干表现最突出的是夏季;②气温和降水是造成山东省粮食产量波动的主要原因,在“暖干”气候背景下,气温与气候产量为负相关,降水量与气候产量呈较显著的正相关;③农业自然灾害是造成粮食单产产生波动的主要原因之一。     

气候变化对作物产量影响的动态统计评价模式及其应用

气候变化对作物产量影响的动态统计评价模式，是将积分回归原理引进到气候影响评价服务中来，建立了以旬为时间单位的气温、降水、日照的旬值变化对作物产量形成的最佳定量影响关系，可使气候影响评价工作直接为农业生产进行及时连续的跟踪服务。气候动态影响规律实质是正常气候条件与作物生长的供需规律，因此该模式还有多种用途可供开发利用。     

气候变化对山西粮食产量影响的动态统计模式及应用

气候变化对山西粮食产量影响的动态统计模式，将积分咽归引进气候变化对作物生长不同时段的影响分析中，建立以旬为时间单位的气温、降水、日照旬值变化对粮食产量形成的最佳定量影响关系，可使气候变化对粮食生产的不同阶段连续诊断，得到气候变化与作物生长动态的定量规律。     

2015年囊谦县气候特征分析及影响评估

根据2014年12月-2015年12月的气温、降水和日照资料进行统计分析,对比常年值得出2015年囊谦县气候特征,并统计出2015年囊谦县主要气候事件。结果表明:囊谦县2015年气候特征概况为全年年平均气温略偏高,但四季气温升高幅度不同,其中夏季(6-8月)气温接近常年,冬季(2014年12月-2015年2月)和春季(3-5月)气温正常略偏高,秋季(9-11月)气温偏高;本年降水量略偏少,属正常年份,但由于时空分布不均,冬、春、秋季降水偏多,夏季降水偏少;年内平均日照时数较往年偏多,属于显著偏多年份。2015年出现的主要气候事件为:1月初强降雪天气过程,5月大风、冰雹天气频发,7月降水显著偏少,9月降水偏多、出现连阴雨天气。2015年没有造成严重的气象灾害事故,灾害天气以局部为主,总体属于偏轻年份。     

近25 a气候变化对江苏省粮食产量的影响

利用1986-2010年江苏省63个气象站的常规气象数据和粮食单产统计资料,分析了苏北、苏中、苏南地区和江苏全省三种时间尺度的气候变化特征;基于自助抽样(bootstrap)和一元线性回归的方法,研究了各区和全省粮食产量对作物年(11月一次年10月)、夏粮—秋粮生长季(11月-次年5月和6-10月)和月尺度气候要素的响应;并定量评价了过去25 a气候变化对各区和全省粮食产量的影响以及各气候要素的贡献.结果表明:1)在作物年、夏粮—秋粮生长季以及月尺度上,三区和全省各气候要素均发生了不同程度的变化,且存在一定的时空差异.在不断发展的农业管理措施和技术以及气候的共同作用下,三区和全省粮食单产显著(p＞0.01)增加,其中,全省增加趋势为66.89 kg·hm-2·a-1.2)除苏南地区对作物年尺度上的气候变化响应不显著外,粮食产量对降水的不随时间变化的负响应关系(即随降水的增加而减小,减小而增加)均在不同时间尺度和地区得到了体现,说明降水对这些地区粮食生产的影响十分重要;其中,苏北、苏中和全省粮食产量随作物年降水的增加(减少)而减小(增加),平均速率分别为0.19％·(10 mm)-1、0.09％·(10 mm)-1和0.11％·(10 mm)-1.3)三类模型结果均显示气候变化使得苏北、苏南和江苏粮食产量减小,但结果略有差异,其中,利用月气候要素建立的模型C的结果显示气候变化对粮食单产(总产)的影响最大,其均值分别为-6.51％·(10 a)-1(-11.28×108kg· (10 a)-1)、-3.27％·(10 a)-1(-2.36×108 kg·(10 a)-1)和-1.34％·(10 a)-1(-4.45×108kg·(10 a)-1).另外,为了系统而全面地评估气候变化对粮食产量的影响,考虑月尺度的气候变化的影响是十分必要的.     

玛曲草原气候生态环境变化及牧草产量灰色预测

应用甘肃省玛曲县气象站1985～2005年生长季4～9月气温、降水、日照时数、蒸发量、≥0 ℃积温以及牧草产量资料对年序列进行模糊聚类分析,得出光热水配置对牧草产量影响显著;模糊聚类的结果与≥0 ℃积温的强振荡波和次强振荡波的迭加有关.灰色关联度分析表明4月降水对牧草返青至关重要,6月气温对牧草分蘖和抽穗影响最大,7月降水对牧草抽穗和开花作用明显;其次,5月、7月日照,5月气温、9月降水对牧草生长发育也有较大影响.牧草产量的突变点与气候突变点重合,认为气候变化的负面影响或累积效应是引起牧草产量突变的原因.由于玛曲草原气候生态系统复杂,对牧草产量进行GM (1, 1)建模预测,对认识气候生态环境变化影响牧草生长有一定的实际意义.     

气候变化对河西走廊中部地区主要农作物的影响

利用河西走廊中部的张掖市6县区30 a(1981～2010)的气温、降水数据及主要农作物春小麦、玉米的生育期及产量资料,运用数理统计和积分回归进行统计分析了河西走廊中部30 a来的气候变化(温度、降水)特征及气候变化(气温、降水)对主要农作物(春小麦、玉米)生育期及产量的影响。结果表明,随着气候变暖,河西走廊中部30 a年来平均气温总体呈上升趋势,气候倾向率为3.85℃/100 a,各地年降水量均明显增加,年平均降水量从1980年代的191.1 mm增加到近10 a的210.5mm;河西走廊中部气候变暖使该地区春小麦、玉米播种期提前,使小麦的生育期缩短,玉米的生育期延长。气温升高对春小麦、玉米不同生育期及产量形成的影响效应不同;降水增多对春小麦、玉米的各生育期及产量形成呈现出不同的影响效应,且影响效应表现出地域性差异。     

气候特点概述

<正>2015年1—3月,江西省总的气候特点是:气温异常偏高,降水略少,日照时数略多。主要天气气候事件有雾、霾和连阴雨天气。雾、霾天气导致省内多条高速公路暂时关闭,对交通造成影响,连阴雨天气使得排水不畅的农田出现渍害。1气候概况1.1气温:1—3月全省平均气温为10.5℃,较常年同期平均     

辽河流域气候变化及对径流影响预估与评估分析

辽河流域属于气候变暖较为显著区域,增温幅度比全球和全国的增温幅度都要高。同时辽河流域也是水资源较为匮乏且需求量大的地区,因此气候变化对水资源影响问题也更值得关注。基于长期历史观测气象水文数据和未来不同情景下气候变化预估资料,建立评估气候变化与径流量的关系,预估未来气候变化对径流量的可能影响,为辽河流域应对气候变化决策提供科学依据。结果表明:1961—2020年,辽河流域气温为持续上升趋势,降水没有明显的增减趋势,但存在阶段性变化;辽河流域降水量与径流量有较好的相关关系,具有较为一致的长期变化趋势与特征,年降水量与径流量相关数达到0.6以上。日降水量与径流量相关分析表明,降水发生后次日且为大雨降水等级(即日降水量≥25 mm)时,两者相关系数可高达0.85;敏感性试验和模式模拟试验表明,径流量对气候变化有明显的响应,降水增加(减少)、气温降低(升高),则径流量增加(减少);在未来RCP8.5排放情景下气温升高趋势最为明显,未来径流量也为显著增加趋势;RCP2.6排放情景下气温增加的幅度最小,未来径流量也表现为无明显增减趋势;RCP4.5情景下,气温增加的幅度居中,未来径流量则为减少趋势。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on