基于DDW1全闪三维闪电定位系统的闪电活动探测分析

2020年12月,广东省ADTD(Advanced TOA and Direction)闪电定位系统升级改造为DDW1全闪三维闪电定位系统,于2021年1月业务运行,使得广东省拥有了闪电三维定位业务观测能力。DDW1闪电定位系统不仅在硬件性能、数据处理、探测效率和定位算法等方面有提高,同时还新增了闪电辐射源的三维定位功能。基于DDW1闪电定位系统观测数据和广州S波段双极化天气雷达资料,分别对广东省2021年闪电时空分布以及一次飑线系统云闪三维分布特征进行分析。分析结果表明,闪电活动主要出现在5—9月,占总数92.9%,闪电活动多发时段为13—18时,占总数53.1%;广东省闪电聚集区分布在地势较低的珠三角和粤西地区,地势高的山地地区闪电活动相对较少;云闪辐射源主要出现在强对流区底部,高度主要分布在1~5 km,占总数61.3%,一定程度上刻画了雷暴云中电荷区的分布情况。全闪定位结果与对应时刻雷达回波具有高度一致性。     

宽带干涉仪闪电辐射源三维定位系统

宽带干涉仪闪电辐射源三维定位系统,是一种全闪电宽频带三维定位系统.它能够以微秒级的时间分辨率对闪电击穿过程产生的辐射源实现三维定位,描绘云闪和地闪通道发展的详细三维结构,可用于区域闪电监测和预警;同时,系统能够同步得到闪电通道发展的宽带频谱以及电场变化信息,结合三维定位结果,可以为闪电放电过程物理机制的探讨、雷电物理研究提供丰富的资料.     

粤港澳闪电定位系统探测效率及精确度评估

为客观评估粤港澳闪电定位系统性能参数,将闪电定位资料与广州人工触发闪电试验及高建筑物自然闪电观测试验的观测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,2007 2011年期间对真实闪电事件的闪电探测效率和回击探测效率分别为74%和40%,定位误差的算术平均值和几何平均值分别为2660 m和1500 m;2012年闪电探测效率和回击探测效率分别为97%和90%,定位误差的算术平均值和几何平均值分别为950 m和470 m。2008 2011年期间闪电定位系统的回击电流幅值约为真实值的0.7倍,而2012年约为真实值的4倍。总体上,2012年粤港澳闪电定位系统探测子站大幅度增加后,探测效率和定位精度均有明显提升,但对回击电流幅值的估算呈现系统性偏大。     

三维闪电探测系统研制

"三维闪电探测系统研制"是国家科技部科研院所技术开发专项,其目标是开发完整的三维全闪(云闪、地闪、云内特殊放电事件)探测和定位系统.采用闪电VLF/LF和VHF辐射信号同步联合分析的方式,采用时差定位技术,利用闪电波形匹配、脉冲匹配、时域相关和频谱分析等方法,实现对闪电辐射事件的三维探测.2007年主要开展了以下3个方面的工作:     

北京闪电综合探测网(BLNET):网络构成与初步定位结果

北京闪电综合探测网(Beijing Lightning NETwork, 简称BLNET)由10个观测站组成, 每个子站主要由闪电快、慢电场变化测量仪(也称快、慢天线)和闪电甚高频(VHF)辐射探测仪构成, 实现了对闪电的多频段的综合观测。本文首先详细介绍了BLNET的网络构成, 然后利用蒙特卡罗法对网络的定位误差进行了理论分析, 模拟结果表明网络内部水平定位误差小于200 m, 网络外部100 km处水平定位误差小于3 km, 最后利用Chan氏算法和Levenberg-Marquardt算法相结合的方法, 对发生在2013年7月7日的一次雷暴过程分别进行了地闪和云闪定位, 将定位结果和对应时次的雷达回波进行比较, 发现地闪和云闪都出现在大于30 dBZ的雷达回波区, 表明了探测网络和定位方法的可靠性。     

南京市闪电定位资料的对比分析

为在雷电的监测预警预报服务中更好地应用江苏省组建的闪电定位系统,通过多种目测和多普勒雷达回波等信息,对2006年6-8月以南京小教场(118°48′E,32°00′N)为中心、半径10 km范围内的闪电定位资料的可信度和探测效率进行了检验分析,结果表明:江苏省气象局闪电定位系统所监测的闪电资料(地闪)是可信的,其漏测率在探测效率η的允许范围内,误测率约为9%,也在允许范围之内.江苏省电力公司的闪电定位系统所探测到的同时段同范围内的闪电资料(地闪)探测正确率大大低于江苏省气象局的监测系统.对江苏省电力公司闪电定位资料作适当修正后,其结果与气象局闪电定位系统资料有很好的一致性,实现了二套系统资料的信息共享、互补.     

海南闪电监测定位系统资料检验和分析

利用2007～2008年海南省闪电监测定位资料和同期海南雷电灾害个例及人工观测雷电的数据进行对比,分析总结海南闪电监测定位系统的定位误差、漏测率和误测率;并在此基础上,指出闪电监测定位资料应用中存在的若干问题及其应用前景。结果表明:海南省发生闪电绝大多数为负地闪;与雷击灾害事故对比来看,海南省闪电定位仪探测漏测率和闪击落地的定位精度平均误差偏大,但与人工观测雷暴日对比结果表明平均探测漏测率在技术标准允许范围内;晴空闪电日误测率属于技术标准允许范围;闪电定位系统的探测时间精度基本可信;闪电定位仪探测数据与降水分布的同步监测结果基本吻合,可反映出雷暴移动方向、路径及发生、发展趋势。总体来看海南省闪电定位系统数据可信度基本达到应用标准。     

一次人工触发闪电事件的定位误差分析

利用一次包含8次回击过程的人工触发闪电事件的近距离光电观测数据,分析了广东省气象闪电定位系统对其回击过程的定位结果。结果表明,回击过程探测效率约为75%(6/8),回击平均定位误差约为3768m。为了分析定位误差来源,通过对比分析的方法,逐次引入各探测子站原始记录重新进行定位计算,发现剔除误差较大的探测子站后,平均定位误差为2192m,比原来降低42%。     

DDW1闪电定位系统及性能评估

北京华云东方探测技术有限公司于2016—2018年在广东组网建设了DDW1闪电定位系统, 对一次雷暴过程的观测表明，DDW1定位数据与雷达回波强回波区之间在空间分布上具有较好的一致性。进一步利用2018年中国气象科学研究院在广州从化地区获得的触发闪电试验数据和全闪定位数据对DDW1闪电定位系统性能进行了评估，验证了其探测效率、定位精度等指标。结果表明：对于6次包含有回击过程的人工触发闪电事件，DDW1闪电定位系统全部探测到，地闪探测效率为100%；对于这6次触发闪电中的所包含的27次回击过程，该闪电定位系统共探测到17次，回击探测效率约为63%，对这些回击过程的平均定位误差约为464 m，电流反演误差为1149%；对比高精度全闪探测数据，DDW1的全闪探测效率为50%。     

深圳市闪电定位资料误差分析及其优化

利用场地误差优化模式对深圳地区的地闪定位资料进行优化处理。首先对深圳市闪电定位系统进行简单介绍,然后利用改进的传输线模式对真实地表环境下的闪电辐射电磁场进行计算,以分析深圳市闪电定位系统的场地误差,最后基于定位误差和场地误差模式对闪电定位数据进行定位误差订正。结果表明不同方位角上的不规则地形对继后回击电磁场波形具有不同影响,随着表征地形粗糙程度的高度均方根的增加,电场的峰值下降,波形的上升沿时间增加。同时,电场波形上升沿时间也会随着方位角的变化而变化,这可能会给时间到达法的定位带来一定误差。为了验证该算法的合理性,对该系统覆盖的区域进行了闪电定位数据优化精度的时空分布分析和评估。结果表明这种优化方案是可行的、可靠的,优化后的闪电定位精度明显提高。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on